HomeMy WebLinkAbout15597-03 GHG Report 2024-09-09
Elsinore Heights
(PAR2023-25)
GREENHOUSE GAS ANALYSIS
CITY OF LAKE ELSINORE
PREPARED BY:
Haseeb Qureshi
hqureshi@urbanxroads.com
Ali Dadabhoy
adadabhoy@urbanxroads.com
Shannon Wong
swong@urbanxroads.com
SEPTEMBER 9, 2024
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. I
APPENDICES II
LIST OF EXHIBITS .................................................................................................................................. II
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... II
LIST OF ABBREVIATED TERMS ............................................................................................................. III
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 1
ES.1 Summary of Findings ..................................................................................................................... 1
ES.2 Project Requirements ................................................................................................................... 1
ES.3 City of Lake Elsinore Good Neighbor Guidelines .......................................................................... 2
ES.4 Mitigation Measures ..................................................................................................................... 3
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Site Location .................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2 Project Description ........................................................................................................................ 7
2 CLIMATE CHANGE SETTING ....................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Introduction to Global Climate Change (GCC) ............................................................................ 12
2.2 Global Climate Change Defined .................................................................................................. 12
2.3 GHGs ........................................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Global Warming Potential (GWP) ............................................................................................... 19
2.5 GHG Emissions Inventories ......................................................................................................... 19
2.6 Effects of Climate Change in California ....................................................................................... 20
2.7 Regulatory Setting ....................................................................................................................... 22
3 PROJECT GHG IMPACT .............................................................................................................. 48
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 48
3.2 Standards of Significance ............................................................................................................ 48
3.3 Models Employed To Analyze GHGs ........................................................................................... 50
3.4 Life-Cycle Analysis Not Required ................................................................................................ 50
3.5 Construction Emissions ............................................................................................................... 50
3.6 Operational Emissions ................................................................................................................ 55
3.7 GHG Emissions Findings and Recommendations ........................................................................ 60
4 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 68
5 CERTIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 73
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX 3.1: CALEEMOD CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS MODEL OUTPUTS
APPENDIX 3.2: CALEEMOD OPERATIONAL EMISSIONS MODEL OUTPUTS
LIST OF EXHIBITS
EXHIBIT 1-A: LOCATION MAP .............................................................................................................. 8
EXHIBIT 1-B: PROPOSED GENERAL PLAN LAND USE AND ZONING MAP ................................................ 9
EXHIBIT 1-C: PRELIMINARY SITE PLAN ............................................................................................... 10
EXHIBIT 2-A: SUMMARY OF PROJECTED GLOBAL WARMING IMPACT, 2070-2099 (AS COMPARED WITH
1961-1990) .................................................................................................................. 18
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE ES-1: SUMMARY OF CEQA SIGNIFICANCE FINDINGS .................................................................. 1
TABLE 2-1: GHGS ................................................................................................................................ 13
TABLE 2-2: GWP AND ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIME OF SELECT GHGS ........................................................ 19
TABLE 2-3: TOP GHG PRODUCING COUNTRIES AND THE EUROPEAN UNION ....................................... 20
TABLE 3-1: CONSTRUCTION DURATION .............................................................................................. 51
TABLE 3-2: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT ASSUMPTIONS .................................................................... 52
TABLE 3-3: AMORTIZED ANNUAL CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS ........................................................... 55
TABLE 3-4: PASSENGER CAR FLEET MIX .............................................................................................. 57
TABLE 3-5: TRUCK FLEET MIX ............................................................................................................. 57
TABLE 3-6: PROJECT GHG EMISSIONS ................................................................................................. 59
TABLE 3-7: PROJECT CONSISTENCY WITH CITY OF LAKE ELSINORE CAP ............................................... 62
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LIST OF ABBREVIATED TERMS
% Percent
°C Degrees Celsius
°F Degrees Fahrenheit
(1) Reference
2017 Scoping Plan Final 2017 Scoping Plan Update
AB Assembly Bill
AB 32 Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006
AB 1493 Pavley Fuel Efficiency Standards
AB 1881 California Water Conservation Landscaping Act of 2006
Annex I Industrialized Nations
AQIA Elsinore Heights Air Quality Impact Analysis
BAU Business as Usual
C2F6 Hexafluoroethane
C2H6 Ethane
C2H2F4 Tetrafluroethane
C2H4F2 Ethylidene Fluoride
CAA Federal Clean Air Act
CalEEMod California Emissions Estimator Model
CalEPA California Environmental Protection Agency
CALGAPS California LBNL GHG Analysis of Policies Spreadsheet
CALGreen California Green Building Standards Code
CAPCOA California Air Pollution Control Officers Association
CARB California Air Resource Board
CEC California Energy Commission
CCR California Code of Regulations
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CEQA Guidelines CEQA Statute and Guidelines
CDFA California Department of Food and Agriculture
CF4 Tetrafluoromethane
CFC Chlorofluorocarbons
CFC-113 Trichlorotrifluoroethane
CH4 Methane
City City of Lake Elsinore
CNRA California Natural Resources Agency
CNRA 2009 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
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CO2e Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
Convention United Nation’s Framework Convention on Climate Change
COP Conference of the Parties
CPUC California Public Utilities Commission
DWR Department of Water Resources
EMFAC Emission Factor Model
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EV Electric Vehicle
GCC Global Climate Change
Gg Gigagram
GHGA Greenhouse Gas Analysis
gpd Gallons Per Day
gpm Gallons Per Minute
GWP Global Warming Potential
H2O Water
HFC Hydrofluorocarbons
HDT Heavy-Duty Trucks
HFC-23 Fluoroform
HFC-134a 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
HFC-152a 1,1-difluoroethane
HHDT Heavy-Heavy-Duty Trucks
hp Horsepower
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISO Independent System Operator
ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers
kWh Kilowatt Hours
lbs Pounds
LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
LCA Life-Cycle Analysis
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LCFS Low Carbon Fuel Standard or Executive Order S-01-07
LDA Light-Duty Auto
LDT1/LDT2 Light-Duty Trucks
LEV III Low-Emission Vehicle
LHDT1/LHDT2 Light-Heavy-Duty Trucks
LULUCF Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
MCY Motorcycles
MDT Medium-Duty Trucks
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MDV Medium-Duty Vehicles
MHDT Medium-Heavy-Duty Tucks
MMTCO2e Million Metric Ton of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
mpg Miles Per Gallon
MPOs Metropolitan Planning Organizations
MMTCO2e/yr Million Metric Ton of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Per Year
MT/yr Metric Tons Per Year
MTCO2e Metric Ton of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
MTCO2e/yr Metric Ton of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Per Year
MW Megawatts
MWh Megawatts Per Hour
MWELO California Department of Water Resources’ Model Water
Efficient
N2O Nitrous Oxide
NDC Nationally Determined Contributions
NF3 Nitrogen Trifluoride
NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NOX Nitrogen Oxides
Non-Annex I Developing Nations
OAL Office of Administrative Law
OPR Office of Planning and Research
PFC Perfluorocarbons
ppb Parts Per Billion
ppm Parts Per Million
ppt Parts Per Trillion
Project Elsinore Heights
RTP Regional Transportation Plan
SAFE Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient Vehicles Rule
SB Senate Bill
SB 32 California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006
SB 375 Regional GHG Emissions Reduction Targets/Sustainable
Communities Strategies
SB 1078 Renewable Portfolio Standards
SB 1368 Statewide Retail Provider Emissions Performance
Standards
SCAB South Coast Air Basin
SCAG Southern California Association of Governments
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SCAQMD South Coast Air Quality Management District
Scoping Plan California Air Resources Board Climate Change Scoping Plan
SCS Sustainable Communities Strategy
sf Square Feet
SF6 Sulfur Hexaflouride
SLPS Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Strategy
SP Service Population
TDM Transportation Demand Measures
Title 20 Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards
Title 24 California Building Code
U.N. United Nations
U.S. United States
UNFCCC United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change
VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled
WCI Western Climate Initiative
WRI World Resources Institute
ZE/NZE Zero and Near-Zero Emissions
ZEV Zero-Emissions Vehicles
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ES.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The results of this Elsinore Heights Greenhouse Gas Analysis (GHGA) are summarized below based
on the significance criteria in Section 3 of this report consistent with Appendix G of the Guidelines
for Implementation of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA Guidelines) (1). Table ES-
1 shows the findings of significance for potential greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts under the
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).
TABLE ES-1: SUMMARY OF CEQA SIGNIFICANCE FINDINGS
Analysis Report
Section
Significance Findings
Unmitigated Mitigated
GHG Impact #1: Would the Project generate
GHG emissions either directly or indirectly,
that may have a significant impact on the
environment?
3.7 Potentially Significant Significant and
Unavoidable
GHG Impact #2: Would the Project conflict
with an applicable plan, policy or regulation
adopted for the purpose of reducing the
emissions of GHGs?
3.7 Less Than Significant n/a
ES.2 PROJECT REQUIREMENTS
The Project would be required to comply with regulations imposed by the State of California, the
South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), and the City of Lake Elsinore aimed at
the reduction of air pollutant emissions. Those that are directly and indirectly applicable to the
Project and that would assist in the reduction of GHG emissions include:
• Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (Assembly Bill [AB] 32) (2).
• Regional GHG Emissions Reduction Targets/Sustainable Communities Strategies (Senate Bill [SB]
375) (3).
• Pavley Fuel Efficiency Standards (AB 1493). Establishes fuel efficiency ratings for new vehicles (4).
• California Building Code (Title 24 California Code of Regulations [CCR]). Establishes energy
efficiency requirements for new construction (5).
• Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards (Title 20 CCR). Establishes energy efficiency requirements
for appliances (6).
• Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS). Requires carbon content of fuel sold in California to be 10
percent (%) less by 2020 (7).
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• Statewide Retail Provider Emissions Performance Standards (SB 1368). Requires energy
generators to achieve performance standards for GHG emissions (8).
• Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS). Requires electric corporations to increase the amount of
energy obtained from eligible renewable energy resources to 20% by 2010 and 33% by 2020. SB
350 mandated a 50% RPS by 2030. SB 100 increased the RPS requirements to 60% by 2030 with
new interim targets of 44% by 2024 and 52% by 2027 (9).
• California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (SB 32). Requires the state to reduce statewide
GHG emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, a reduction target that was first introduced in
Executive Order B-30-15 (10).
• SCAQMD Rule 2305. The SCAQMD adopted Rule 2305, the Warehouse Indirect Source Rule, on
May 7, 2021. Owners and operators associated with warehouses 100,000 square feet (sf) or larger
are required to directly reduce nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate matter emissions, or to
otherwise facilitate emission and exposure reductions of these pollutants in nearby communities.
Promulgated regulations that would affect the Project’s emissions are accounted for in the
Project’s GHG calculations provided in this report. In particular, AB 1493, LCFS, and RPS are
accounted for in the Project’s emission calculations.
ES.3 CITY OF LAKE ELSINORE GOOD NEIGHBOR GUIDELINES
The City of Lake Elsinore adopted the Good Neighbor Policy for Logistics and
Warehouse/Distribution Uses (Policy Number 400-16) on April 25, 2023 (11). The goal of this
policy is to provide a framework through which large-scale logistics and warehouse projects can
be designed and operated in a way that lessens any impacts on surrounding communities and
the environment. Project buildings larger than 250,000 square feet would be required to
implement standards for warehousing facilities within the City.
The proposed Project is exempt from the provisions and standards of the Good Neighbor Policy
because the Project does not propose any warehouse, logistics, or distribution-use buildings with
a minimum building size of 250,000 square feet. Notwithstanding, the Project applicant has
agreed to implement the Siting and Design Standards provisions as summarized in the Elsinore
Heights – Good Neighbor Policy Memo (12).
Additionally, the Project applicant has agreed to implement the following Construction and
Operations provisions of the Good Neighbor Policy:
• All construction and grading related activities shall comply with the South Coast Air Quality
Management District (SCAQMD) Regulations in effect at the time work commences.
• The following environmentally responsible practices shall be required during construction:
o The highest rated California Air Resources Board (CARB) tier of construction equipment
available shall be utilized.
• A Property Maintenance Program shall be submitted for review and approval by the Community
Development Director or designee prior to the issuance of building permits. The program shall
provide for the regular maintenance of building structures, landscaping, and paved surfaces in
good physical condition, and appearance. The methods and maximum intervals for maintenance
of each component shall be specified in the program.
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• Facility operators shall coordinate with CARB and SCAQMD to obtain the latest information about
regional air quality concentrations, health risks, and trucking regulations.
• The applicant shall place a weatherproof sign at the entrance to the project site identifying the
approved days and hours of construction activity and install signage that clearly identifies the
contact information of the development manager.
• A City representative shall conduct periodic on-site inspections during and after construction to
verify compliance or recommend better efforts toward compliance during grading, construction,
and operational activities.
ES.4 MITIGATION MEASURES
The following Project-specific mitigation measures (MM GHG-1 through MM GHG-6) are
designed to reduce Project operational-source emissions. However, to provide a conservative
disclosure of Project emissions, no reductions in emissions are assumed to occur even with
implementation of these measures.
MM GHG-1
To facilitate the future installation of infrastructure that would charge the batteries that power
the motors of electric-powered trucks, the following shall be installed: 1) prior to the shell
building permit approval, an electrical room(s) and/or exterior area(s) of the site shall be
designated where future electrical panels would be located for the purpose of supplying power
to on-site charging facilities for electric powered trucks. Conduit shall be installed from this
designated area where the panel would be located to the onsite location where the charging
facilities would be located and where electric-powered trucks would park and connect to
charging facilities to charge the batteries that power the motors of the electric-powered trucks;
2) prior to issuance of a building permit for tenant improvements, tenants that plan to operate
electric trucks would be required to construct electrical charging infrastructure in addition to the
required conduits.
MM GHG-2
Prior to receipt of occupancy permits, the Project shall install passenger car EV charging stations
and designated carpool parking stalls per the provisions of the California Green Building
Standards Code and require that each building be constructed with an adequately sized electrical
panel(s) and conduit to accommodate EV charging stations at a minimum of 5 percent of the
passenger car parking spaces.
MM GHG-3
As a condition of certificates of occupancy, all on-site outdoor cargo handling equipment
(including yard trucks, hostlers, yard goats, pallet jacks, forklifts, and other on-site equipment)
and all indoor cargo handling equipment shall be required to be powered by electricity.
MM GHG-4
In order to promote alternative fuels, and help support “clean” truck fleets, the
developer/successor-in-interest shall provide building occupants with information related to
SCAQMD’s Carl Moyer Program, or other such programs that promote truck retrofits or “clean”
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vehicles and information including, but not limited to, the health effect of diesel particulates,
benefits of reduced idling time, and CARB regulations. Tenants shall be notified about the
availability of: 1) alternatively fueled cargo handling equipment; 2) grant programs for diesel-
fueled vehicle engine retrofit and/or replacement; 3) access to alternative fueling stations
proximate to the site that supply compressed natural gas; and 5) the United States Environmental
Protection Agency’s SmartWay program.
MM GHG-5
Prior to receipt of occupancy permits, legible, durable, weather-proof signs shall be placed at
truck access gates, loading docks, and truck parking areas of the warehouse portion of the Project
that identify applicable California Air Resources Board (CARB) anti-idling regulations. At a
minimum, each sign shall include: 1) instructions for truck drivers to shut off engines when not
in use; 2) instructions for drivers of diesel trucks to restrict idling to no more than five (5) minutes
once the vehicle is stopped, the transmission is set to "neutral" or "park," and the parking brake
is engaged; and 3) telephone numbers of the building facilities manager and the CARB to report
violations. Prior to the issuance of an occupancy permit, the City shall conduct a site inspection
to ensure that the signs are in place. Once constructed, the project proponent shall ensure that
all building tenants shall utilize electric equipment for landscape maintenance to the extent
feasible, through requirements in the lease agreements.
MM GHG-6
All future operations shall adhere to the applicable policies:
1. Truck driveways shall generally be placed, on streets that do not have fronting sensitive
receptors.
2. Sites shall clearly mark entry and exit points for trucks and service vehicles.
3. Sites shall be densely screened with landscaping along all bordering streets and adjacent
sensitive receptors, with trees spaced no further apart than 25 feet on center. Fifty percent
of the landscape screening shall include a minimum of 36- inch box trees. Facility operators
will be responsible to establish a long-term maintenance mechanism to assure that the
landscaping remains in place and functional in accordance with the approved landscaping
plan.
4. Facility operators shall maintain records of their fleet equipment owned by the facility and
ensure that all diesel-fueled Medium-Heavy Duty Trucks (“MHDT”) and Heavy-Heavy Duty
Trucks (“HHD”) use year CARB 2010 or newer engines. The records should be maintained on-
site and be made available for inspection by the lead agency.
5. Facility operators shall train their managers and employees on efficient scheduling and load
management to eliminate unnecessary queuing and idling of trucks.
6. Signs should be posted in the appropriate locations and/or handouts should be provided that
show the locations of nearest food options, fueling, truck maintenance services, and other
similar convenience services.
7. Each Facility shall designate a Compliance Officer responsible for implementing the measures
described herein and/or in the project conditions of approval and mitigation measures.
Contact information shall be provided to the City and updated annually, and signs shall be
posted in visible locations providing the contact information for the Compliance Officer to the
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surrounding community. The Compliance Officer also shall coordinate with CARB and
SCAQMD to obtain the latest information about regional air quality concentrations, health
risks, and trucking regulations.
8. Signs shall be posted in the appropriate locations heavy truck drivers to park and perform any
self-maintenance of trucks in designated on-site areas and not within the surrounding
community or on public streets.
9. Facility operators for sites that exceed 250 employees shall establish a rideshare and
Commute trip reduction program in accordance with AQMD Rule 2202, with the intent of
discouraging single-occupancy vehicle trips and promote alternate modes of transportation,
such as carpooling and transit where feasible.
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1 INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of the GHGA prepared by Urban Crossroads, Inc., for the
proposed Elsinore Heights Project (Project). The purpose of this GHGA is to evaluate Project-
related construction and operational emissions and determine the level of GHG impacts as a
result of constructing and operating the Project.
1.1 SITE LOCATION
The proposed project is located south of 2nd Street and east of Camino Del Norte in the City of
Lake Elsinore, as shown in Exhibit 1-A.
1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Project is proposing to amend the General Plan (GPA) Land Use designation of two parcels
totaling approximately 61.02 acres from 29.1 acres of Business Professional (BP) and 32.1 acres
of Hillside Residential (HR) to 47.68 acres of BP, 4.95 acres of Floodway, 5.12 acres of Medium
Density Residential (MDR), and 0.16 acres of Open Space. Exhibit 1-B presents a summary of the
Proposed General Plan Land Use and Zoning.
In conjunction with the GPA, the site currently has General Plan and Zoning designations of BP
for Assessor’s Parcel Number (APN) 347-250-010 and Commercial Office (C-O) for APN 347-250-
011. The eastern 32.1 acres of the Project site (APN 347-250-011) are currently designated
Hillside Residential (HR) and zoned Rural Mountainous Residential (R-M-R). The western 29.1
acres of the Project site (APNs 347-250-010, 377-110-045, -057, and -058) are currently
designated Business Professional and zoned Commercial Office. The General Plan and Zoning
designations for APN 347-250-011 is also Hillside Residential (HR) and Rural Mountainous
Residential (R-M-R). The development application includes a Zone Change (CZ) to modify the
zoning designation to Limited Manufacturing (M-1) on 47.68 acres, 5.12 acres of Medium Density
Residential (R-2), and 5.11 acres of Open Space.
The Project proposes to develop four industrial buildings totaling 555,060 square feet of
speculative warehouse space with the potential development of up to 61 attached dwelling units.
A preliminary site plan for the proposed Project is shown on Exhibit 1-C. For the purposes of this
analysis, it is anticipated that the Project will be developed in two phases: Phase 1 (2026) –
Building 1 and Project Buildout (2028) – Buildings 2, 3 and 4 plus up to 61 attached dwelling units.
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EXHIBIT 1-A: LOCATION MAP
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EXHIBIT 1-B: PROPOSED GENERAL PLAN LAND USE AND ZONING MAP
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EXHIBIT 1-C: PRELIMINARY SITE PLAN
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2 CLIMATE CHANGE SETTING
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE (GCC)
GCC is defined as the change in average meteorological conditions on the earth with respect to
temperature, precipitation, and storms. The majority of scientists believe that the climate shift
taking place since the Industrial Revolution is occurring at a quicker rate and magnitude than in
the past. Scientific evidence suggests that GCC is the result of increased concentrations of GHGs
in the earth’s atmosphere, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),
and fluorinated gases. The majority of scientists believe that this increased rate of climate change
is the result of GHGs resulting from human activity and industrialization over the past 200 years.
An individual project, like the Project evaluated in this GHGA, cannot generate enough GHG
emissions to affect a discernible change in global climate. However, the Project may participate
in the potential for GCC by its incremental contribution of GHGs combined with the cumulative
increase of all other sources of GHGs, which when taken together constitute potential influences
on GCC. Because these changes may have serious environmental consequences, Section 3 will
evaluate the potential for the Project to have a significant effect upon the environment as a result
of its potential contribution to the greenhouse effect.
2.2 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE DEFINED
GCC refers to the change in average meteorological conditions on the earth with respect to
temperature, wind patterns, precipitation, and storms. Global temperatures are regulated by
naturally occurring atmospheric gases such as water vapor, CO2, N2O, CH4, hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). These particular gases are
important due to their residence time (duration they stay) in the atmosphere, which ranges from
10 years to more than 100 years. These gases allow solar radiation into the earth’s atmosphere,
but prevent radiative heat from escaping, thus warming the earth’s atmosphere. GCC can occur
naturally as it has in the past with the previous ice ages.
Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are often referred to as GHGs. GHGs are released into
the atmosphere by both natural and anthropogenic activity. Without the natural GHG effect, the
earth’s average temperature would be approximately 61 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) cooler than it is
currently. The cumulative accumulation of these gases in the earth’s atmosphere is considered
to be the cause for the observed increase in the earth’s temperature.
2.3 GHGS
2.3.1 GHGS AND HEALTH EFFECTS
GHGs trap heat in the atmosphere, creating a GHG effect that results in global warming and
climate change. Many gases demonstrate these properties as discussed in Table 2-1. For the
purposes of this analysis, emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O were evaluated (see Table 3-6 later in
this report) because these gases are the primary contributors to GCC from development projects.
Although there are other substances such as fluorinated gases that also contribute to GCC, these
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fluorinated gases were not evaluated as their sources are not well-defined and do not contain
accepted emissions factors or methodology to accurately calculate these gases.
TABLE 2-1: GHGS
GHGs Description Sources Health Effects
Water Water is the most abundant,
important, and variable GHG in
the atmosphere. Water vapor is
not considered a pollutant; in
the atmosphere, it maintains a
climate necessary for life.
Changes in its concentration are
primarily considered to be a
result of climate feedbacks
related to the warming of the
atmosphere rather than a direct
result of industrialization.
Climate feedback is an indirect,
or secondary, change, either
positive or negative, that occurs
within the climate system in
response to a forcing
mechanism. The feedback loop
in which water is involved is
critically important to projecting
future climate change.
As the temperature of the
atmosphere rises, more water is
evaporated from ground storage
(rivers, oceans, reservoirs, soil).
Because the air is warmer, the
relative humidity can be higher
(in essence, the air is able to
‘hold’ more water when it is
warmer), leading to more water
vapor in the atmosphere. As a
GHG, the higher concentration of
water vapor is then able to
absorb more thermal indirect
energy radiated from the earth,
thus further warming the
atmosphere. The warmer
atmosphere can then hold more
water vapor and so on. This is
referred to as a “positive
feedback loop.” The extent to
which this positive feedback loop
would continue is unknown as
there are also dynamics that
hold the positive feedback loop
The main source of
water vapor is
evaporation from
the oceans
(approximately
85%). Other sources
include evaporation
from other water
bodies, sublimation
(change from solid to
gas) from sea ice and
snow, and
transpiration from
plant leaves.
There are no known direct
health effects related to
water vapor at this time. It
should be noted however
that when some pollutants
react with water vapor, the
reaction forms a transport
mechanism for some of
these pollutants to enter the
human body through water
vapor.
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GHGs Description Sources Health Effects
in check. As an example, when
water vapor increases in the
atmosphere, more of it would
eventually condense into clouds,
which are more able to reflect
incoming solar radiation (thus
allowing less energy to reach the
earth’s surface and heat it up)
(14).
CO2 CO2 is an odorless and colorless
GHG. Since the industrial
revolution began in the mid-
1700s, the sort of human activity
that increases GHG emissions
has increased dramatically in
scale and distribution. Data from
the past 50 years suggests a
corollary increase in levels and
concentrations. As an example,
prior to the industrial revolution,
CO2 concentrations were fairly
stable at 280 parts per million
(ppm). Today, they are around
370 ppm, an increase of more
than 30%. Left unchecked, the
concentration of CO2 in the
atmosphere is projected to
increase to a minimum of 540
ppm by 2100 as a direct result of
anthropogenic sources (15).
CO2 is emitted from
natural and
manmade sources.
Natural sources
include: the
decomposition of
dead organic matter;
respiration of
bacteria, plants,
animals, and fungus;
evaporation from
oceans; and volcanic
outgassing.
Anthropogenic
sources include: the
burning of coal, oil,
natural gas, and
wood. CO2 is
naturally removed
from the air by
photosynthesis,
dissolution into
ocean water,
transfer to soils and
ice caps, and
chemical weathering
of carbonate rocks
(16).
Outdoor levels of CO2 are not
high enough to result in
negative health effects.
According to the National
Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH)
high concentrations of CO2
can result in health effects
such as: headaches,
dizziness, restlessness,
difficulty breathing,
sweating, increased heart
rate, increased cardiac
output, increased blood
pressure, coma, asphyxia,
and/or convulsions. It should
be noted that current
concentrations of CO2 in the
earth’s atmosphere are
estimated to be
approximately 370 ppm, the
actual reference exposure
level (level at which adverse
health effects typically
occur) is at exposure levels
of 5,000 ppm averaged over
10 hours in a 40-hour
workweek and short-term
reference exposure levels of
30,000 ppm averaged over a
15-minute period (17).
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GHGs Description Sources Health Effects
CH4 CH4 is an extremely effective
absorber of radiation, although
its atmospheric concentration is
less than CO2 and its lifetime in
the atmosphere is brief (10-12
years), compared to other GHGs.
CH4 in the
atmosphere is
generated by many
different sources,
such as fossil fuel
production,
transport and use,
from the decay of
organic matter in
wetlands, and as a
byproduct of
digestion by
ruminant animals
such as cows.
Determining which
specific sources are
responsible for
variations in annual
increases of CH4 is
complex, but
scientists estimate
that fossil fuel
production and use
contributes roughly
30% of the total CH4
emissions. These
industrial sources of
CH4 are relatively
simple to pinpoint
and control using
current technology
(18).
CH4 is extremely reactive
with oxidizers, halogens, and
other halogen-containing
compounds. Exposure to
elevated levels of CH4 can
cause asphyxiation, loss of
consciousness, headache
and dizziness, nausea and
vomiting, weakness, loss of
coordination, and an
increased breathing rate.
N2O N2O, also known as laughing gas,
is a colorless GHG.
Concentrations of N2O also
began to rise at the beginning of
the industrial revolution. In
1998, the global concentration
was 314 parts per billion (ppb).
N2O is produced by
microbial processes
in soil and water,
including those
reactions which
occur in fertilizer
containing nitrogen.
In addition to
agricultural sources,
some industrial
processes (fossil
fuel-fired power
plants, nylon
production, nitric
acid production, and
vehicle emissions)
N2O can cause dizziness,
euphoria, and sometimes
slight hallucinations. In small
doses, it is considered
harmless. However, in some
cases, heavy and extended
use can cause Olney’s
Lesions (brain damage) (19).
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GHGs Description Sources Health Effects
also contribute to its
atmospheric load. It
is used as an aerosol
spray propellant, i.e.,
in whipped cream
bottles. It is also
used in potato chip
bags to keep chips
fresh. It is used in
rocket engines and
in race cars. N2O can
be transported into
the stratosphere, be
deposited on the
earth’s surface, and
be converted to
other compounds by
chemical reaction
(19).
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)
CFCs are gases formed
synthetically by replacing all
hydrogen atoms in CH4 or ethane
(C2H6) with chlorine and/or
fluorine atoms. CFCs are
nontoxic, nonflammable,
insoluble and chemically
unreactive in the troposphere
(the level of air at the earth’s
surface).
CFCs have no natural
source. They are
found in aerosol
sprays, blowing
agents for foams and
packing materials, as
solvents, and as
refrigerants. (20).
In confined indoor locations,
working with CFC-113 or
other CFCs is thought to
result in death by cardiac
arrhythmia (heart frequency
too high or too low) or
asphyxiation.
HFCs HFCs are synthetic, man-made
chemicals that are used as a
substitute for CFCs. Out of all the
GHGs, they are one of three
groups with the highest global
warming potential (GWP). The
HFCs with the largest measured
atmospheric abundances are (in
order), Fluoroform (HFC-23),
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-
134a), and 1,1-difluoroethane
(HFC-152a). Prior to 1990, the
only significant emissions were
of HFC-23. HCF-134a emissions
are increasing due to its use as a
refrigerant.
HFCs are manmade
for applications such
as automobile air
conditioners and
refrigerants.
No health effects are known
to result from exposure to
HFCs.
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GHGs Description Sources Health Effects
PFCs PFCs have stable molecular
structures and do not break
down through chemical
processes in the lower
atmosphere. High-energy
ultraviolet rays, which occur
about 60 kilometers above
earth’s surface, are able to
destroy the compounds. Because
of this, PFCs have exceptionally
long lifetimes, between 10,000
and 50,000 years. Two common
PFCs are tetrafluoromethane
(CF4) and hexafluoroethane
(C2F6). The EPA estimates that
concentrations of CF4 in the
atmosphere are over 70 parts
per trillion (ppt).
The two main
sources of PFCs are
primary aluminum
production and
semiconductor
manufacture.
No health effects are known
to result from exposure to
PFCs.
SF6 SF6 is an inorganic, odorless,
colorless, nontoxic,
nonflammable gas. It also has
the highest GWP of any gas
evaluated (23,900) (21). The EPA
indicates that concentrations in
the 1990s were about 4 ppt.
SF6 is used for
insulation in electric
power transmission
and distribution
equipment, in the
magnesium industry,
in semiconductor
manufacturing, and
as a tracer gas for
leak detection.
In high concentrations in
confined areas, the gas
presents the hazard of
suffocation because it
displaces the oxygen needed
for breathing.
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GHGs Description Sources Health Effects
Nitrogen Trifluoride
(NF3)
NF3 is a colorless gas with a
distinctly moldy odor. The World
Resources Institute (WRI)
indicates that NF3 has a 100-year
GWP of 17,200 (22).
NF3 is used in
industrial processes
and is produced in
the manufacturing of
semiconductors,
Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD) panels, types
of solar panels, and
chemical lasers.
Long-term or repeated
exposure may affect the liver
and kidneys and may cause
fluorosis (23).
The potential health effects related directly to the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O as they relate
to development projects, such as the Project, are still being debated in the scientific community.
Their cumulative effects to GCC have the potential to cause adverse effects to human health.
Increases in Earth’s ambient temperatures would result in more intense heat waves, causing
more heat-related deaths. Exhibit 2-A presents the potential impacts of global warming (24).
EXHIBIT 2-A: SUMMARY OF PROJECTED GLOBAL WARMING IMPACT, 2070-2099 (AS COMPARED WITH 1961-1990)
Source: Barbara H. Allen-Diaz. “Climate change affects us all.” University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2009.
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2.4 GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP)
GHGs have varying GWP values. GWP of a GHG indicates the amount of warming a gas cause over
a given period of time and represents the potential of a gas to trap heat in the atmosphere. CO2
is utilized as the reference gas for GWP, and thus has a GWP of 1. CO2 equivalent (CO2e) is a term
used for describing the different GHGs in a common unit. CO2e signifies the amount of CO2 which
would have the equivalent GWP.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the international body for assessing the
science related to climate change. IPCC Assessment Reports cover the full scientific, technical and
socio-economic assessment of climate change. The atmospheric lifetime and GWP of selected
GHGs are summarized at Table 2-2. As shown in the table below, GWP for the 2nd Assessment
Report range from 1 for CO2 to 23,900 for SF6 and GWP for the 6th Assessment Report range from
1 for CO2 to 25,200 for SF6 (25).
TABLE 2-2: GWP AND ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIME OF SELECT GHGS
Gas Atmospheric Lifetime
(years)
GWP (100-year time horizon)
2nd Assessment Report 6th Assessment Report
CO2 Multiple 1 1
CH4 11.8 21 28
N2O 109 310 273
HFC-23 228 11,700 14,600
HFC-134a 14 1,300 1,526
HFC-152a 1.6 140 164
SF6 3,200 23,900 25,200
Source: IPCC Second Assessment Report, 1995 and IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, 2023
2.5 GHG EMISSIONS INVENTORIES
2.5.1 GLOBAL
Worldwide anthropogenic GHG emissions are tracked by the IPCC for industrialized nations
(referred to as Annex I) and developing nations (referred to as Non-Annex I). Human GHG
emissions data for Annex I nations are available through 2021. Based on the latest available data,
the sum of these emissions totaled approximately 28,272,940 gigagram (Gg) CO2e 1 (26) (27) as
summarized on Table 2-3.
1 The global emissions are the sum of Annex I and non-Annex I countries, without counting Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF).
For countries without 2021 data, the United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) data for the most recent year
were used U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Annex I Parties – GHG total without LULUCF,” The most recent GHG emissions
for China and India are from 2014 and 2016, respectively.
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2.5.2 UNITED STATES
As noted in Table 2-3, the United States, as a single country, was the number two producer of
GHG emissions in 2021.
TABLE 2-3: TOP GHG PRODUCING COUNTRIES AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
Emitting Countries GHG Emissions (Gg CO2e)
China 12,300,200
United States 6,340,228
European Union (27-member countries) 3,468,394
India 2,839,425
Russian Federation 2,156,599
Japan 1,168,094
Total 28,272,940
2.5.3 STATE OF CALIFORNIA
California has significantly slowed the rate of growth of GHG emissions due to the
implementation of energy efficiency programs as well as adoption of strict emission controls but
is still a substantial contributor to the United States (U.S.) emissions inventory total (19). The
California Air Resource Board (CARB) compiles GHG inventories for the State of California. Based
upon the 2023 GHG inventory data (i.e., the latest year for which data are available) for the 2000-
2021 GHG emissions period, California emitted an average 381.3 million metric tons of CO2e per
year (MMTCO2e/yr) or 381,300 Gg CO2e (6.01% of the total United States GHG emissions) (28).
Based on data published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, California’s per capita
(9.12 metric tons) GHG emissions are much less than the nationwide per capita (15.8 metric ton)
average (29).
2.6 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN CALIFORNIA
2.6.1 PUBLIC HEALTH
Higher temperatures may increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of conditions conducive
to air pollution formation. For example, days with weather conducive to ozone formation could
increase from 25 to 35% under the lower warming range to 75 to 85% under the medium
warming range. In addition, if global background ozone levels increase as predicted in some
scenarios, it may become impossible to meet local air quality standards. Air quality could be
further compromised by increases in wildfires, which emit fine particulate matter that can travel
long distances, depending on wind conditions. Based on Our Changing Climate Assessing the
Risks to California by the California Climate Change Center, large wildfires could become up to
55% more frequent if GHG emissions are not significantly reduced (30).
In addition, under the higher warming range scenario, there could be up to 100 more days per
year with temperatures above 90°F in Los Angeles and 95°F in Sacramento by 2100. This is a
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significant increase over historical patterns and approximately twice the increase projected if
temperatures remain within or below the lower warming range. Rising temperatures could
increase the risk of death from dehydration, heat stroke/exhaustion, heart attack, stroke, and
respiratory distress caused by extreme heat.
2.6.2 WATER RESOURCES
A vast network of man-made reservoirs and aqueducts captures and transports water throughout
the state from northern California rivers and the Colorado River. The current distribution system
relies on Sierra Nevada snowpack to supply water during the dry spring and summer months.
Rising temperatures, potentially compounded by decreases in precipitation, could severely
reduce spring snowpack, increasing the risk of summer water shortages.
If temperatures continue to increase, more precipitation could fall as rain instead of snow, and
the snow that does fall could melt earlier, reducing the Sierra Nevada spring snowpack by as
much as 70 to 90%. Under the lower warming range scenario, snowpack losses could be only half
as large as those possible if temperatures were to rise to the higher warming range. How much
snowpack could be lost depends in part on future precipitation patterns, the projections for
which remain uncertain. However, even under the wetter climate projections, the loss of
snowpack could pose challenges to water managers and hamper hydropower generation. It could
also adversely affect winter tourism. Under the lower warming range, the ski season at lower
elevations could be reduced by as much as a month. If temperatures reach the higher warming
range and precipitation declines, there might be many years with insufficient snow for skiing and
snowboarding.
The State’s water supplies are also at risk from rising sea levels. An influx of saltwater could
degrade California’s estuaries, wetlands, and groundwater aquifers. Saltwater intrusion caused
by rising sea levels is a major threat to the quality and reliability of water within the southern
edge of the Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta – a major fresh water supply.
2.6.3 AGRICULTURE
Increased temperatures could cause widespread changes to the agriculture industry reducing the
quantity and quality of agricultural products statewide. First, California farmers could possibly
lose as much as 25% of the water supply needed. Although higher CO2 levels can stimulate plant
production and increase plant water-use efficiency, California’s farmers could face greater water
demand for crops and a less reliable water supply as temperatures rise. Crop growth and
development could change, as could the intensity and frequency of pest and disease outbreaks.
Rising temperatures could aggravate ozone pollution, which makes plants more susceptible to
disease and pests and interferes with plant growth.
Plant growth tends to be slow at low temperatures, increasing with rising temperatures up to a
threshold. However, faster growth can result in less-than-optimal development for many crops,
so rising temperatures could worsen the quantity and quality of yield for a number of California’s
agricultural products. Products likely to be most affected include wine grapes, fruits, and nuts.
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In addition, continued GCC could shift the ranges of existing invasive plants and weeds and alter
competition patterns with native plants. Range expansion could occur in many species while
range contractions may be less likely in rapidly evolving species with significant populations
already established. Should range contractions occur, new or different weed species could fill the
emerging gaps. Continued GCC could alter the abundance and types of many pests, lengthen
pests’ breeding season, and increase pathogen growth rates.
2.6.4 FORESTS AND LANDSCAPES
GCC has the potential to intensify the current threat to forests and landscapes by increasing the
risk of wildfire and altering the distribution and character of natural vegetation. If temperatures
rise into the medium warming range, the risk of large wildfires in California could increase by as
much as 55%, which is almost twice the increase expected if temperatures stay in the lower
warming range. However, since wildfire risk is determined by a combination of factors, including
precipitation, winds, temperature, and landscape and vegetation conditions, future risks would
not be uniform throughout the state. In contrast, wildfires in northern California could increase
by up to 90% due to decreased precipitation.
Moreover, continued GCC has the potential to alter natural ecosystems and biological diversity
within the state. For example, alpine and subalpine ecosystems could decline by as much as 60
to 80% by the end of the century as a result of increasing temperatures. The productivity of the
state’s forests has the potential to decrease as a result of GCC.
2.6.5 RISING SEA LEVELS
Rising sea levels, more intense coastal storms, and warmer water temperatures could
increasingly threaten the state’s coastal regions. Under the higher warming range scenario, sea
level is anticipated to rise 22 to 35 inches by 2100. Elevations of this magnitude would inundate
low-lying coastal areas with saltwater, accelerate coastal erosion, threaten vital levees and inland
water systems, and disrupt wetlands and natural habitats. Under the lower warming range
scenario, sea level could rise 12-14 inches.
2.7 REGULATORY SETTING
2.7.1 INTERNATIONAL
Climate change is a global issue involving GHG emissions from all around the world; therefore,
countries such as the ones discussed below have made an effort to reduce GHGs.
IPCC
In 1988, the United Nations (U.N.) and the World Meteorological Organization established the IPCC
to assess the scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information relevant to understanding the
scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts, and options for
adaptation and mitigation.
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UNITED NATION’S FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC)
On March 21, 1994, the U.S. joined a number of countries around the world in signing the
Convention. Under the UNFCCC, governments gather and share information on GHG emissions,
national policies, and best practices; launch national strategies for addressing GHG emissions and
adapting to expected impacts, including the provision of financial and technological support to
developing countries; and cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate
change.
INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE TREATIES
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC. The major feature of the
Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European
community for reducing GHG emissions at an average of 5% against 1990 levels over the five-
year period 2008–2012. The Convention (as discussed above) encouraged industrialized
countries to stabilize emissions; however, the Protocol commits them to do so. Developed
countries have contributed more emissions over the last 150 years; therefore, the Protocol places
a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of “common but differentiated
responsibilities.”
In 2001, President George W. Bush indicated that he would not submit the treaty to the U.S.
Senate for ratification, which effectively ended American involvement in the Kyoto Protocol. In
December 2009, international leaders met in Copenhagen to address the future of international
climate change commitments post-Kyoto. No binding agreement was reached in Copenhagen;
however, the UN Climate Change Committee identified the long-term goal of limiting the
maximum global average temperature increase to no more than 2 degrees Celsius (°C) above pre-
industrial levels, subject to a review in 2015. The Committee held additional meetings in Durban,
South Africa in November 2011; Doha, Qatar in November 2012; and Warsaw, Poland in
November 2013. The meetings gradually gained consensus among participants on individual
climate change issues.
On September 23, 2014, more than 100 Heads of State and Government and leaders from the
private sector and civil society met at the Climate Summit in New York hosted by the U.N. At the
Summit, heads of government, business and civil society announced actions in areas that would
have the greatest impact on reducing emissions, including climate finance, energy, transport,
industry, agriculture, cities, forests, and building resilience.
Parties to the UNFCCC reached a landmark agreement on December 12, 2015, in Paris, charting
a fundamentally new course in the two-decade-old global climate effort. Culminating a four-year
negotiating round, the new treaty ends the strict differentiation between developed and
developing countries that characterized earlier efforts, replacing it with a common framework
that commits all countries to put forward their best efforts and to strengthen them in the years
ahead. This includes, for the first time, requirements that all parties report regularly on their
emissions and implementation efforts and undergo international review.
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The agreement and a companion decision by parties were the key outcomes of the conference,
known as the 21st session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP) 21. Together, the Paris
Agreement and the accompanying COP decision:
• Reaffirm the goal of limiting global temperature increase well below 2°C, while urging efforts to
limit the increase to 1.5 degrees;
• Establish binding commitments by all parties to make “nationally determined contributions”
(NDCs), and to pursue domestic measures aimed at achieving them;
• Commit all countries to report regularly on their emissions and “progress made in implementing
and achieving” their NDCs, and to undergo international review;
• Commit all countries to submit new NDCs every five years, with the clear expectation that they
would “represent a progression” beyond previous ones;
• Reaffirm the binding obligations of developed countries under the UNFCCC to support the efforts
of developing countries, while for the first time encouraging voluntary contributions by
developing countries too;
• Extend the current goal of mobilizing $100 billion a year in support by 2020 through 2025, with a
new, higher goal to be set for the period after 2025;
• Extend a mechanism to address “loss and damage” resulting from climate change, which explicitly
would not “involve or provide a basis for any liability or compensation;”
• Require parties engaging in international emissions trading to avoid “double counting;” and
• Call for a new mechanism, similar to the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto
Protocol, enabling emission reductions in one country to be counted toward another country’s
NDC (C2ES 2015a) (31).
Following President Biden’s day one executive order, the United States officially rejoined the
landmark Paris Agreement on February 19, 2021, positioning the country to once again be part
of the global climate solution. Meanwhile, city, state, business, and civic leaders across the
country and around the world have been ramping up efforts to drive the clean energy advances
needed to meet the goals of the agreement and put the brakes on dangerous climate change.
2.7.2 NATIONAL
Prior to the last decade, there have been no concrete federal regulations of GHGs or major
planning for climate change adaptation. The following are actions regarding the federal
government, GHGs, and fuel efficiency.
GHG ENDANGERMENT
In Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency 549 U.S. 497 (2007), decided on April 2,
2007, the United States Supreme Court (Supreme Court) found that four GHGs, including CO2,
are air pollutants subject to regulation under Section 202(a)(1) of the Clean Air Act (CAA). The
Supreme Court held that the EPA Administrator must determine whether emissions of GHGs from
new motor vehicles cause or contribute to air pollution, which may reasonably be anticipated to
endanger public health or welfare, or whether the science is too uncertain to make a reasoned
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decision. On December 7, 2009, the EPA Administrator signed two distinct findings regarding
GHGs under Section 202(a) of the CAA:
• Endangerment Finding: The Administrator finds that the current and projected concentrations of
the six key well-mixed GHGs— CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6—in the atmosphere threaten
the public health and welfare of current and future generations.
• Cause or Contribute Finding: The Administrator finds that the combined emissions of these well-
mixed GHGs from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines contribute to the GHG
pollution, which threatens public health and welfare.
These findings do not impose requirements on industry or other entities. However, this was a
prerequisite for implementing GHG emissions standards for vehicles, as discussed in the section
“Clean Vehicles” below. After a lengthy legal challenge, the Supreme Court declined to review an
Appeals Court ruling that upheld the EPA Administrator’s findings (32).
CLEAN VEHICLES
Congress first passed the Corporate Average Fuel Economy law in 1975 to increase the fuel
economy of cars and light duty trucks. The law has become more stringent over time. On May
19, 2009, President Obama put in motion a new national policy to increase fuel economy for all
new cars and trucks sold in the U.S. On April 1, 2010, the EPA, and the Department of
Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) announced a joint final
rule establishing a national program that would reduce GHG emissions and improve fuel
economy for new cars and trucks sold in the U.S.
The first phase of the national program applies to passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-
duty (MD) passenger vehicles, covering model years 2012 through 2016. They require these
vehicles to meet an estimated combined average emissions level of 250 grams of CO2 per mile,
equivalent to 35.5 miles per gallon (mpg) if the automobile industry were to meet this CO2 level
solely through fuel economy improvements. Together, these standards would cut CO2 emissions
by an estimated 960 million metric tons and 1.8 billion barrels of oil over the lifetime of the
vehicles sold under the program (model years 2012–2016). In August 2012, the EPA and the
NHTSA issued final rules on a second-phase joint rulemaking establishing national standards for
light-duty vehicles for model years 2017 through 2025. The new standards apply to passenger
cars, light-duty trucks, and MD passenger vehicles. The final standards are projected to result in
an average industry fleetwide level of 163 grams/mile of CO2 in model year 2025, which is
equivalent to 54.5 mpg if achieved exclusively through fuel economy improvements.
The EPA and the U.S. Department of Transportation issued final rules for the first national
standards to reduce GHG emissions and improve fuel efficiency of heavy-duty trucks (HDT) and
buses on September 15, 2011, effective November 14, 2011. For combination tractors, the
agencies are proposing engine and vehicle standards that begin in the 2014 model year and
achieve up to a 20% reduction in CO2 emissions and fuel consumption by the 2018 model year.
For HDT and vans, the agencies are proposing separate gasoline and diesel truck standards, which
phase in starting in the 2014 model year and achieve up to a 10% reduction for gasoline vehicles
and a 15% reduction for diesel vehicles by the 2018 model year (12 and 17%, respectively if
accounting for air conditioning leakage). Lastly, for vocational vehicles, the engine and vehicle
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standards would achieve up to a 10% reduction in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions from the
2014 to 2018 model years.
On April 2, 2018, the EPA signed the Mid-term Evaluation Final Determination, which declared
that the MY 2022-2025 GHG standards are not appropriate and should be revised (33). This Final
Determination serves to initiate a notice to further consider appropriate standards for MY 2022-
2025 light-duty vehicles. On August 2, 2018, the NHTSA in conjunction with the EPA, released a
notice of proposed rulemaking, the Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule for Model
Years 2021-2026 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (SAFE Vehicles Rule). The SAFE Vehicles Rule
was proposed to amend existing Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and tailpipe CO2
standards for passenger cars and light trucks and to establish new standards covering model
years 2021 through 2026. As of March 31, 2020, the NHTSA and EPA finalized the SAFE Vehicle
Rule which increased stringency of CAFE and CO2 emissions standards by 1.5% each year through
model year 2026 (34). On December 21, 2021, after reviewing all the public comments submitted
on NHTSA’s April 2021 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, NHTSA finalizes the CAFE Preemption
rulemaking to withdraw its portions of the so-called SAFE I Rule. The final rule concludes that the
SAFE I Rule overstepped the agency’s legal authority and established overly broad prohibitions
that did not account for a variety of important state and local interests. The final rule ensures
that the SAFE I Rule will no longer form an improper barrier to states exploring creative solutions
to address their local communities’ environmental and public health challenges (35).
On March 31, 2022, NHTSA finalized CAFE standards for MY 2024-2026. The standards for
passenger cars and light trucks for MYs 2024-2025 were increased at a rate of 8% per year and
then increased at a rate of 10% per year for MY 2026 vehicles. NHTSA currently projects that the
revised standards would require an industry fleet-wide average of roughly 49 mpg in MY 2026
and would reduce average fuel outlays over the lifetimes of affected vehicles that provide
consumers hundreds of dollars in net savings. These standards are directly responsive to the
agency’s statutory mandate to improve energy conservation and reduce the nation’s energy
dependence on foreign sources (36).
MANDATORY REPORTING OF GHGS
The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2008, passed in December 2007, requires the
establishment of mandatory GHG reporting requirements. On September 22, 2009, the EPA
issued the Final Mandatory Reporting of GHGs Rule, which became effective January 1, 2010. The
rule requires reporting of GHG emissions from large sources and suppliers in the U.S. and is
intended to collect accurate and timely emissions data to inform future policy decisions. Under
the rule, suppliers of fossil fuels or industrial GHGs, manufacturers of vehicles and engines, and
facilities that emit 25,000 metric tons per year (MT/yr) or more of GHG emissions are required
to submit annual reports to the EPA.
NEW SOURCE REVIEW
The EPA issued a final rule on May 13, 2010, that establishes thresholds for GHGs that define
when permits under the New Source Review Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Title V
Operating Permit programs are required for new and existing industrial facilities. This final rule
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“tailors” the requirements of these CAA permitting programs to limit which facilities would be
required to obtain Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Title V permits. In the preamble to
the revisions to the Federal Code of Regulations, the EPA states:
“This rulemaking is necessary because without it the Prevention of Significant
Deterioration and Title V requirements would apply, as of January 2, 2011, at the
100 or 250 tons per year levels provided under the CAA, greatly increasing the
number of required permits, imposing undue costs on small sources, overwhelming
the resources of permitting authorities, and severely impairing the functioning of
the programs. EPA is relieving these resource burdens by phasing in the
applicability of these programs to GHG sources, starting with the largest GHG
emitters. This rule establishes two initial steps of the phase-in. The rule also
commits the agency to take certain actions on future steps addressing smaller
sources but excludes certain smaller sources from Prevention of Significant
Deterioration and Title V permitting for GHG emissions until at least April 30,
2016.”
The EPA estimates that facilities responsible for nearly 70% of the national GHG emissions from
stationary sources would be subject to permitting requirements under this rule. This includes the
nation’s largest GHG emitters—power plants, refineries, and cement production facilities.
STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR GHG EMISSIONS FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES: ELECTRIC UTILITY GENERATING
UNITS
As required by a settlement agreement, the EPA proposed new performance standards for
emissions of CO2 for new, affected, fossil fuel-fired electric utility generating units on March 27,
2012. New sources greater than 25 megawatts (MW) would be required to meet an output-
based standard of 1,000 pounds (lbs) of CO2 per MW-hour (MWh), based on the performance of
widely used natural gas combined cycle technology. It should be noted that on February 9, 2016,
the Supreme Court issued a stay of this regulation pending litigation. Additionally, the current
EPA Administrator has also signed a measure to repeal the Clean Power Plan, including the CO2
standards. The Clean Power Plan was officially repealed on June 19, 2019, when the EPA issued
the final Affordable Clean Energy rule (ACE). Under ACE, new state-specific emission guidelines
were established that provided existing coal-fired electric utility generating units with achievable
standards.
On January 19, 2021, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the EPA’s ACE Rule for GHG
emissions from power plants rested on an erroneous interpretation of the CAA that barred EPA
from considering measures beyond those that apply at and to an individual source. The court
therefore vacated and remanded the ACE Rule and adopted a replacement rule which regulates
CO2 emissions from existing power plants, potentially again considering generation shifting and
other measures to more aggressively target power sector emissions.
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CAP-AND-TRADE
Cap-and-trade refers to a policy tool where emissions are limited to a certain amount and can be
traded or provides flexibility on how the emitter can comply. Successful examples in the U.S.
include the Acid Rain Program and the N2O Budget Trading Program and Clean Air Interstate Rule
in the northeast. There is no federal GHG cap-and-trade program currently; however, some states
have joined to create initiatives to provide a mechanism for cap-and-trade.
The Regional GHG Initiative is an effort to reduce GHGs among the states of Connecticut,
Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, and
Vermont. Each state caps CO2 emissions from power plants, auctions CO2 emission allowances,
and invests the proceeds in strategic energy programs that further reduce emissions, save
consumers money, create jobs, and build a clean energy economy. The Initiative began in 2008
and has retained all participating states as of 2020.
The Western Climate Initiative (WCI) partner jurisdictions have developed a comprehensive
initiative to reduce regional GHG emissions to 15% below 2005 levels by 2020. The partners were
originally California, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. However, Manitoba and
Ontario are not currently participating. California linked with Quebec’s cap-and-trade system
January 1, 2014, and joint offset auctions took place in 2015. While the WCI has yet to publish
whether it has successfully reached the 2020 emissions goal initiative set in 2007, SB 32 requires
that California, a major partner in the WCI, adopt the goal of reducing statewide GHG emissions
to 40% below the 1990 level by 2030.
SMARTWAY PROGRAM
The SmartWay Program is a public-private initiative between the EPA, large and small trucking
companies, rail carriers, logistics companies, commercial manufacturers, retailers, and other
federal and state agencies. Its purpose is to improve fuel efficiency and the environmental
performance (reduction of both GHG emissions and air pollution) of the goods movement supply
chains. SmartWay is comprised of four components (37):
1. SmartWay Transport Partnership: A partnership in which freight carriers and shippers commit to
benchmark operations, track fuel consumption, and improve performance annually.
2. SmartWay Technology Program: A testing, verification, and designation program to help freight
companies identify equipment, technologies, and strategies that save fuel and lower emissions.
3. SmartWay Vehicles: A program that ranks light‐duty cars and small trucks and identifies superior
environmental performers with the SmartWay logo.
4. SmartWay International Interests: Guidance and resources for countries seeking to develop
freight sustainability programs modeled after SmartWay.
SmartWay effectively refers to requirements geared towards reducing fuel consumption. Most
large trucking fleets driving newer vehicles are compliant with SmartWay design requirements.
Moreover, over time, all HDTs would have to comply with the CARB GHG Regulation that is
designed with the SmartWay Program in mind, to reduce GHG emissions by making them more
fuel-efficient. For instance, in 2015, 53 foot or longer dry vans or refrigerated trailers equipped
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with a combination of SmartWay-verified low-rolling resistance tires and SmartWay-verified
aerodynamic devices would obtain a total of 10% or more fuel savings over traditional trailers.
Through the SmartWay Technology Program, the EPA has evaluated the fuel-saving benefits of
various devices through grants, cooperative agreements, emissions, and fuel economy testing,
demonstration projects and technical literature review. As a result, the EPA has determined the
following types of technologies provide fuel saving and/or emission reducing benefits when used
properly in their designed applications, and has verified certain products:
• Idle reduction technologies – less idling of the engine when it is not needed would reduce fuel
consumption.
• Aerodynamic technologies minimize drag and improve airflow over the entire tractor‐trailer
vehicle. Aerodynamic technologies include gap fairings that reduce turbulence between the
tractor and trailer, side skirts that minimize wind under the trailer, and rear fairings that reduce
turbulence and pressure drop at the rear of the trailer.
• Low rolling resistance tires can roll longer without slowing down, thereby reducing the amount of
fuel used. Rolling resistance (or rolling friction or rolling drag) is the force resisting the motion
when a tire rolls on a surface. The wheel would eventually slow down because of this resistance.
• Retrofit technologies include things such as diesel particulate filters, emissions upgrades (to a
higher tier), etc., which would reduce emissions.
• Federal excise tax exemptions.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 13990
On January 20, 2021, Federal agencies were directed to immediately review, and take action to
address, Federal regulations promulgated and other actions taken during the last 4 years that
conflict with national objectives to improve public health and the environment; ensure access to
clean air and water; limit exposure to dangerous chemicals and pesticides; hold polluters
accountable, including those who disproportionately harm communities of color and low-income
communities; reduce GHG emissions; bolster resilience to the impacts of climate change; restore
and expand our national treasures and monuments; and prioritize both environmental justice
and employment.
2.7.3 CALIFORNIA
California has a long history of adopting regulations to improve energy efficiency in new and
remodeled buildings. These regulations have kept California’s energy consumption relatively flat
even with rapid population growth.
2.7.3.1 LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS TO REDUCE GHGS
The State of California legislature has enacted a series of bills that constitute the most aggressive
program to reduce GHGs of any state in the nation. Some legislation, such as the landmark AB
32, was specifically enacted to address GHG emissions. Other legislation, such as Title 24 and Title
20 energy standards, were originally adopted for other purposes such as energy and water
conservation, but also provide GHG reductions. This section describes the major provisions of the
legislation.
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AB 1881
The Water Conservation in Landscaping Act of 2006 requires local agencies to adopt the updated
DWR model ordinance or equivalent. AB 1881 also requires the CEC to consult with the DWR to
adopt, by regulation, performance standards and labeling requirements for landscape irrigation
equipment, including irrigation controllers, moisture sensors, emission devices, and valves to
reduce the wasteful, uneconomic, inefficient, or unnecessary consumption of energy or water.
SB 1368
California SB 1368 adds Sections 8340 and 8341 to the Public Utilities Code (effective January 1,
2007) with the intent “to prevent long-term investments in power plants with GHG emissions in
excess of those produced by a combined-cycle natural gas power plant” with the aim of “reducing
emissions of GHGs from the state’s electricity consumption, not just the state’s electricity
production.” SB 1368 provides a mechanism for reducing the GHG emissions of electricity
providers, both in-state and out-of-state, thereby assisting CARB in meeting its mandate under
AB 32, the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006.
AB 32
The California State Legislature enacted AB 32, which required that GHGs emitted in California
be reduced to 1990 levels by the year 2020 (this goal has been met 2). GHGs, as defined under AB
32, include CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6. Since AB 32 was enacted, a seventh chemical, NF3,
has also been added to the list of GHGs. CARB is the state agency charged with monitoring and
regulating sources of GHGs. Pursuant to AB 32, CARB adopted regulations to achieve the
maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective GHG emission reductions. AB 32 states the
following:
“Global warming poses a serious threat to the economic well-being, public health,
natural resources, and the environment of California. The potential adverse
impacts of global warming include the exacerbation of air quality problems, a
reduction in the quality and supply of water to the state from the Sierra snowpack,
a rise in sea levels resulting in the displacement of thousands of coastal businesses
and residences, damage to marine ecosystems and the natural environment, and
an increase in the incidences of infectious diseases, asthma, and other human
health-related problems.”
SB 375
On September 30, 2008, SB 375 was signed by Governor Schwarzenegger. According to SB 375, the
transportation sector is the largest contributor of GHG emissions, which emits over 40% of the total
GHG emissions in California. SB 375 states, “Without improved land use and transportation policy,
California would not be able to achieve the goals of AB 32.” SB 375 does the following: it (1) requires
metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) to include sustainable community strategies in their
2 Based upon the 2023 GHG inventory data (i.e., the latest year for which data are available) for the 2000-2021 GHG emissions period, California
emitted an average 381.3 MMTCO2e (28). This is less than the 2020 emissions target of 431 MMTCO2e. This is less than the 2020 emissions target
of 431 MMTCO2e.
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regional transportation plans for reducing GHG emissions; (2) aligns planning for transportation and
housing; and (3) creates specified incentives for the implementation of the strategies.
SB 375 requires MPOs to prepare a Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) within the Regional
Transportation Plan (RTP) that guides growth while taking into account the transportation,
housing, environmental, and economic needs of the region. SB 375 uses CEQA streamlining as an
incentive to encourage residential projects, which help achieve AB 32 goals to reduce GHG
emissions. Although SB 375 does not prevent CARB from adopting additional regulations, such
actions are not anticipated in the foreseeable future.
Concerning CEQA, SB 375, as codified in Public Resources Code Section 21159.28, states that
CEQA findings for certain projects are not required to reference, describe, or discuss (1) growth
inducing impacts, or (2) any project-specific or cumulative impacts from cars and light-duty truck
trips generated by the project on global warming or the regional transportation network, if the
project:
1. Is in an area with an approved sustainable communities strategy or an alternative planning
strategy that CARB accepts as achieving the GHG emission reduction targets.
2. Is consistent with that strategy (in designation, density, building intensity, and applicable policies).
3. Incorporates the MMs required by an applicable prior environmental document.
AB 1493 - PAVLEY FUEL EFFICIENCY STANDARDS
The second phase of the implementation for the Pavley bill was incorporated into Amendments
to the Low-Emission Vehicle Program (LEV III) or the Advanced Clean Cars (ACC) program. The
ACC program combines the control of smog-causing pollutants and GHG emissions into a single
coordinated package of requirements for MY 2017 through 2025. The regulation will reduce
GHGs from new cars by 34% from 2016 levels by 2025. The new rules will clean up gasoline and
diesel-powered cars, and deliver increasing numbers of zero-emission technologies, such as full
battery electric cars, newly emerging plug-in hybrid EV and hydrogen fuel cell cars. The package
will also ensure adequate fueling infrastructure is available for the increasing numbers of
hydrogen fuel cell vehicles planned for deployment in California. On March 9,
EPA reinstated California’s authority under the Clean Air Act to implement its own GHG emission
standards for cars and light trucks, which other states can also adopt and enforce. With this
authority restored, EPA will continue partnering with states to advance the next generation of
clean vehicle technologies.
CLEAN ENERGY AND POLLUTION REDUCTION ACT OF 2015 (SB 350)
In October 2015, the legislature approved, and Governor Jerry Brown signed SB 350, which
reaffirms California’s commitment to reducing its GHG emissions and addressing climate change.
Key provisions include an increase in the RPS, higher energy efficiency requirements for buildings,
initial strategies towards a regional electricity grid, and improved infrastructure for EV charging
stations. Provisions for a 50% reduction in the use of petroleum statewide were removed from
the Bill because of opposition and concern that it would prevent the Bill’s passage. Specifically,
SB 350 requires the following to reduce statewide GHG emissions:
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• Increase the amount of electricity procured from renewable energy sources from 33% to 50% by
2030, with interim targets of 40% by 2024, and 45% by 2027.
• Double the energy efficiency in existing buildings by 2030. This target would be achieved through
the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), the California Energy Commission (CEC), and
local publicly owned utilities.
• Reorganize the Independent System Operator (ISO) to develop more regional electrify
transmission markets and to improve accessibility in these markets, which would facilitate the
growth of renewable energy markets in the western United States.
SB 32
On September 8, 2016, Governor Brown signed SB 32 and its companion bill, AB 197. SB 32
requires the state to reduce statewide GHG emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, a
reduction target that was first introduced in Executive Order B-30-15. The new legislation builds
upon the AB 32 goal and provides an intermediate goal to achieving S-3-05, which sets a
statewide GHG reduction target of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. AB 197 creates a legislative
committee to oversee regulators to ensure that CARB not only responds to the Governor, but
also the Legislature (10).
2017 CARB SCOPING PLAN
In November 2017, CARB released the Final 2017 Scoping Plan Update (2017 Scoping Plan), which
identifies the State’s post-2020 reduction strategy. The 2017 Scoping Plan reflects the 2030
target of a 40% reduction below 1990 levels, set by Executive Order B-30-15 and codified by SB
32. Key programs that the proposed Second Update builds upon include the Cap-and-Trade
Regulation, the LCFS, and much cleaner cars, trucks, and freight movement, utilizing cleaner,
renewable energy, and strategies to reduce CH4 emissions from agricultural and other wastes.
The 2017 Scoping Plan establishes a new emissions limit of 260 MMTCO2e for the year 2030,
which corresponds to a 40% decrease in 1990 levels by 2030 (38).
California’s climate strategy would require contributions from all sectors of the economy,
including the land base, and would include enhanced focus on zero and near-zero emission
(ZE/NZE) vehicle technologies; continued investment in renewables, including solar roofs, wind,
and other distributed generation; greater use of low carbon fuels; integrated land conservation
and development strategies; coordinated efforts to reduce emissions of short-lived climate
pollutants (CH4, black carbon, and fluorinated gases); and an increased focus on integrated land
use planning to support livable, transit-connected communities and conservation of agricultural
and other lands. Requirements for direct GHG reductions at refineries would further support air
quality co-benefits in neighborhoods, including in disadvantaged communities historically
located adjacent to these large stationary sources, as well as efforts with California’s local air
pollution control and air quality management districts (air districts) to tighten emission limits on
a broad spectrum of industrial sources. Major elements of the 2017 Scoping Plan framework
include:
• Implementing and/or increasing the standards of the Mobile Source Strategy, which include
increasing zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) buses and trucks.
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• LCFS, with an increased stringency (18% by 2030).
• Implementing SB 350, which expands the RPS to 50% RPS and doubles energy efficiency savings
by 2030.
• California Sustainable Freight Action Plan, which improves freight system efficiency, utilizes near-
zero emissions technology, and deployment of ZEV trucks.
• Implementing the proposed Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Strategy (SLPS), which focuses on
reducing CH4 and HCF emissions by 40% and anthropogenic black carbon emissions by 50% by
year 2030.
• Continued implementation of SB 375.
• Post-2020 Cap-and-Trade Program that includes declining caps.
• 20% reduction in GHG emissions from refineries by 2030.
• Development of a Natural and Working Lands Action Plan to secure California’s land base as a net
carbon sink.
Note, however, that the 2017 Scoping Plan acknowledges that:
“[a]chieving net zero increases in GHG emissions, resulting in no contribution to
GHG impacts, may not be feasible or appropriate for every project, however, and
the inability of a project to mitigate its GHG emissions to net zero does not imply
the project results in a substantial contribution to the cumulatively significant
environmental impact of climate change under CEQA.”
In addition to the statewide strategies listed above, the 2017 Scoping Plan also identifies local
governments as essential partners in achieving the State’s long-term GHG reduction goals and
identifies local actions to reduce GHG emissions. As part of the recommended actions, CARB
recommends that local governments achieve a community-wide goal to achieve emissions of no
more than 6 metric tons of CO2e (MTCO2e) or less per capita by 2030 and 2 MTCO2e or less per
capita by 2050. For CEQA projects, CARB states that lead agencies may develop evidence-based
bright-line numeric thresholds—consistent with the 2017 Scoping Plan and the State’s long-term
GHG goals—and projects with emissions over that amount may be required to incorporate on-
site design features and MMs that avoid or minimize project emissions to the degree feasible; or
a performance-based metric using a CAP or other plan to reduce GHG emissions is appropriate.
According to research conducted by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and
supported by CARB, California, under its existing and proposed GHG reduction policies, could
achieve the 2030 goals under SB 32. The research utilized a new, validated model known as the
California LBNL GHG Analysis of Policies Spreadsheet (CALGAPS), which simulates GHG and
criteria pollutant emissions in California from 2010 to 2050 in accordance to existing and future
GHG-reducing policies. The CALGAPS model showed that by 2030, emissions could range from
211 to 428 MTCO2e per year (MTCO2e/yr), indicating that “even if all modeled policies are not
implemented, reductions could be sufficient to reduce emissions 40% below the 1990 level [of
SB 32].” CALGAPS analyzed emissions through 2050 even though it did not generally account for
policies that might be put in place after 2030. Although the research indicated that the emissions
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would not meet the State’s 80% reduction goal by 2050, various combinations of policies could
allow California’s cumulative emissions to remain very low through 2050 (39) (40).
CAP-AND-TRADE PROGRAM
The 2017 Scoping Plan identifies a Cap-and-Trade Program as one of the key strategies for
California to reduce GHG emissions. According to CARB, a cap-and-trade program would help put
California on the path to meet its goal of achieving a 40% reduction in GHG emissions from 1990
levels by 2030. Under cap-and-trade, an overall limit on GHG emissions from capped sectors is
established, and facilities subject to the cap would be able to trade permits to emit GHGs within
the overall limit.
CARB adopted a California Cap-and-Trade Program pursuant to its authority under AB 32. The
Cap-and-Trade Program is designed to reduce GHG emissions from regulated entities by more
than 16% between 2013 and 2020, and by an additional 40% by 2030. The statewide cap for GHG
emissions from the capped sectors (e.g., electricity generation, petroleum refining, and cement
production) commenced in 2013 and would decline over time, achieving GHG emission
reductions throughout the program’s duration.
Covered entities that emit more than 25,000 MTCO2e/yr must comply with the Cap-and-Trade
Program. Triggering of the 25,000 MTCO2e/yr “inclusion threshold” is measured against a subset
of emissions reported and verified under the California Regulation for the Mandatory Reporting
of GHG Emissions (Mandatory Reporting Rule or “MRR”).
Under the Cap-and-Trade Program, CARB issues allowances equal to the total amount of
allowable emissions over a given compliance period and distributes these to regulated entities.
Covered entities are allocated free allowances in whole or part (if eligible), and may buy
allowances at auction, purchase allowances from others, or purchase offset credits. Each covered
entity with a compliance obligation is required to surrender “compliance instruments” for each
MTCO2e of GHG they emit. There also are requirements to surrender compliance instruments
covering 30% of the prior year’s compliance obligation by November of each year (41).
The Cap-and-Trade Program provides a firm cap, which provides the highest certainty of
achieving the 2030 target. An inherent feature of the Cap-and-Trade program is that it does not
guarantee GHG emissions reductions in any discrete location or by any particular source. Rather,
GHG emissions reductions are only guaranteed on an accumulative basis. As summarized by
CARB in the First Update to the Climate Change Scoping Plan:
“The Cap-and-Trade Regulation gives companies the flexibility to trade allowances
with others or take steps to cost-effectively reduce emissions at their own facilities.
Companies that emit more have to turn in more allowances or other compliance
instruments. Companies that can cut their GHG emissions have to turn in fewer
allowances. But as the cap declines, aggregate emissions must be reduced. In other
words, a covered entity theoretically could increase its GHG emissions every year
and still comply with the Cap-and-Trade Program if there is a reduction in GHG
emissions from other covered entities. Such a focus on aggregate GHG emissions
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is considered appropriate because climate change is a global phenomenon, and
the effects of GHG emissions are considered cumulative.” (42)
The Cap-and-Trade Program covers approximately 80% of California’s GHG emissions (38). The
Cap-and-Trade Program covers the GHG emissions associated with electricity consumed in
California, whether generated in-state or imported. Accordingly, GHG emissions associated with
CEQA projects’ electricity usage are covered by the Cap-and-Trade Program. The Cap-and-Trade
Program also covers fuel suppliers (natural gas and propane fuel providers and transportation
fuel providers) to address emissions from such fuels and from combustion of other fossil fuels
not directly covered at large sources in the Program’s first compliance period. The Cap-and-Trade
Program covers the GHG emissions associated with the combustion of transportation fuels in
California, whether refined in-state or imported.
2022 CARB SCOPING PLAN
On December 15, 2022, CARB adopted the 2022 Scoping Plan for Achieving Carbon Neutrality
(2022 Scoping Plan) (43). The 2022 Scoping Plan builds on the 2017 Scoping Plan as well as the
requirements set forth by AB 1279, which directs the state to become carbon neutral no later
than 2045. To achieve this statutory objective, the 2022 Scoping Plan lays out how California can
reduce GHG emissions by 85% below 1990 levels and achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. The
Scoping Plan scenario to do this is to “deploy a broad portfolio of existing and emerging fossil fuel
alternatives and clean technologies, and align with statutes, Executive Orders, Board direction,
and direction from the governor.” The 2022 Scoping Plan sets one of the most aggressive
approaches to reach carbon neutrality in the world. Unlike the 2017 Scoping Plan, CARB no
longer includes a numeric per capita threshold and instead advocates for compliance with a local
GHG reduction strategy (CAP) consistent with CEQA Guidelines section 15183.5.
The key elements of the 2022 CARB Scoping Plan focus on transportation - the regulations that
will impact this sector are adopted and enforced by CARB on vehicle manufacturers and outside
the jurisdiction and control of local governments. As stated in the Plan’s executive summary:
“The major element of this unprecedented transformation is the aggressive
reduction of fossil fuels wherever they are currently used in California, building on
and accelerating carbon reduction programs that have been in place for a decade
and a half. That means rapidly moving to zero-emission transportation;
electrifying the cars, buses, trains, and trucks that now constitute California’s
single largest source of planet-warming pollution.”
“[A]pproval of this plan catalyzes a number of efforts, including the development
of new regulations as well as amendments to strengthen regulations and
programs already in place, not just at CARB but across state agencies.”
Under the 2022 Scoping Plan, the State will lead efforts to meet the 2045 carbon neutrality goal
through implementation of the following objectives:
• Reimagine roadway projects that increase VMT in a way that meets community needs and
reduces the need to drive.
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• Double local transit capacity and service frequencies by 2030.
• Complete the High-Speed Rail (HSR) System and other elements of the intercity rail network by
2040.
• Expand and complete planned networks of high-quality active transportation infrastructure.
• Increase availability and affordability of bikes, e-bikes, scooters, and other alternatives to light-
duty vehicles, prioritizing needs of underserved communities.
• Shift revenue generation for transportation projects away from the gas tax into more durable
sources by 2030.
• Authorize and implement roadway pricing strategies and reallocate revenues to equitably
improve transit, bicycling, and other sustainable transportation choices.
• Prioritize addressing key transit bottlenecks and other infrastructure investments to improve
transit operational efficiency over investments that increase VMT.
• Develop and implement a statewide transportation demand management (TDM) framework with
VMT mitigation requirements for large employers and large developments.
• Prevent uncontrolled growth of autonomous vehicle (AV) VMT, particularly zero-passenger miles.
• Channel new mobility services towards pooled use models, transit complementarity, and lower
VMT outcomes.
• Establish an integrated statewide system for trip planning, booking, payment, and user accounts
that enables efficient and equitable multimodal systems.
• Provide financial support for low-income and disadvantaged Californians’ use of transit and new
mobility services.
• Expand universal design features for new mobility services.
• Accelerate infill development in existing transportation-efficient places and deploy strategic
resources to create more transportation-efficient locations.
• Encourage alignment in land use, housing, transportation, and conservation planning in adopted
regional plans (RTP/SCS and RHNA) and local plans (e.g., general plans, zoning, and local
transportation plans).
• Accelerate production of affordable housing in forms and locations that reduce VMT and
affirmatively further fair housing policy objectives.
• Reduce or eliminate parking requirements (and/or enact parking maximums, as appropriate) and
promote redevelopment of excess parking, especially in infill locations.
• Preserve and protect existing affordable housing stock and protect existing residents and
businesses from displacement and climate risk.
Included in the 2022 Scoping Plan is a set of Local Actions (Appendix D to the 2022 Scoping Plan)
aimed at providing local jurisdictions with tools to reduce GHGs and assist the state in meeting
the ambitious targets set forth in the 2022 Scoping Plan. Appendix D to the 2022 Scoping Plan
includes a section on evaluating plan-level and project-level alignment with the State’s Climate
Goals in CEQA GHG analyses. In this section, CARB identifies several recommendations and
strategies that should be considered for new development in order to determine consistency
with the 2022 Scoping Plan. Notably, this section is focused on Residential and Mixed-Use
Projects, in fact CARB states in Appendix D (page 4): “…focuses primarily on climate action plans
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(CAPs) and local authority over new residential development. It does not address other land use
types (e.g., industrial) or air permitting.”
Additionally on Page 21 in Appendix D, CARB states: “The recommendations outlined in this
section apply only to residential and mixed-use development project types. California currently
faces both a housing crisis and a climate crisis, which necessitates prioritizing recommendations
for residential projects to address the housing crisis in a manner that simultaneously supports
the State’s GHG and regional air quality goals. CARB plans to continue to explore new approaches
for other land use types in the future.” As such, it would be inappropriate to apply the
requirements contained in Appendix D of the 2022 Scoping Plan to any land use types other than
residential or mixed-use residential development.
2.7.3.2 EXECUTIVE ORDERS RELATED TO GHG EMISSIONS
California’s Executive Branch has taken several actions to reduce GHGs through the use of
Executive Orders. Although not regulatory, they set the tone for the state and guide the actions
of state agencies.
EXECUTIVE ORDER S-3-05
California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger announced on June 1, 2005, through Executive
Order S-3-05, the following reduction targets for GHG emissions:
• By 2010, reduce GHG emissions to 2000 levels.
• By 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels.
• By 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80% below 1990 levels.
The 2050 reduction goal represents what some scientists believe is necessary to reach levels that
would stabilize the climate. The 2020 goal was established to be a mid-term target. Because this
is an executive order, the goals are not legally enforceable for local governments or the private
sector.
EXECUTIVE ORDER S-01-07 (LCFS)
Governor Schwarzenegger signed Executive Order S-01-07 on January 18, 2007. The order
mandates that a statewide goal shall be established to reduce the carbon intensity of California’s
transportation fuels by at least 10% by 2020. CARB adopted the LCFS on April 23, 2009.
After a series of legal changes, in order to address the Court ruling, CARB was required to bring a
new LCFS regulation to the Board for consideration in February 2015. The proposed LCFS
regulation was required to contain revisions to the 2010 LCFS as well as new provisions designed
to foster investments in the production of the low-carbon intensity fuels, offer additional
flexibility to regulated parties, update critical technical information, simplify and streamline
program operations, and enhance enforcement. On November 16, 2015, the Office of
Administrative Law (OAL) approved the Final Rulemaking Package. The new LCFS regulation
became effective on January 1, 2016.
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In 2018, CARB approved amendments to the regulation, which included strengthening the carbon
intensity benchmarks through 2030 in compliance with the SB 32 GHG emissions reduction target
for 2030. The amendments included crediting opportunities to promote zero emission vehicle
adoption, alternative jet fuel, carbon capture and sequestration, and advanced technologies to
achieve deep decarbonization in the transportation sector (44).
EXECUTIVE ORDER S-13-08
Executive Order S-13-08 states that “climate change in California during the next century is
expected to shift precipitation patterns, accelerate sea level rise and increase temperatures,
thereby posing a serious threat to California’s economy, to the health and welfare of its
population and to its natural resources.” Pursuant to the requirements in the Order, the 2009
California Climate Adaptation Strategy (CNRA 2009) was adopted, which is the “…first statewide,
multi-sector, region-specific, and information-based climate change adaptation strategy in the
United States.” Objectives include analyzing risks of climate change in California, identifying, and
exploring strategies to adapt to climate change, and specifying a direction for future research.
EXECUTIVE ORDER B-30-15
On April 29, 2015, Governor Brown issued an executive order to establish a California GHG
reduction target of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. The Governor’s executive order aligned
California’s GHG reduction targets with those of leading international governments ahead of the
U.N. Climate Change Conference in Paris late 2015. The Order sets a new interim statewide GHG
emission reduction target to reduce GHG emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 in order
to ensure California meets its target of reducing GHG emissions to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050
and directs CARB to update the 2017 Scoping Plan to express the 2030 target in terms of
MMTCO2e. The Order also requires the state’s climate adaptation plan to be updated every three
years, and for the State to continue its climate change research program, among other provisions.
As with Executive Order S-3-05, this Order is not legally enforceable to local governments and
the private sector. Legislation that would update AB 32 to make post 2020 targets and
requirements a mandate is in process in the State Legislature.
EXECUTIVE ORDER B-55-18 AND SB 100
SB 100 and Executive Order B-55-18 were signed by Governor Brown on September 10, 2018.
Under the existing RPS, 25% of retail sales of electricity are required to be from renewable
sources by December 31, 2016, 33% by December 31, 2020, 40% by December 31, 2024, 45% by
December 31, 2027, and 50% by December 31, 2030. SB 100 raises California’s RPS requirement
to 50% renewable resources target by December 31, 2026, and to achieve a 60% target by
December 31, 2030. SB 100 also requires that retail sellers and local publicly owned electric
utilities procure a minimum quantity of electricity products from eligible renewable energy
resources so that the total kilowatt hours (kWh) of those products sold to their retail end-use
customers achieve 44% of retail sales by December 31, 2024, 52% by December 31, 2027, and
60% by December 31, 2030. In addition to targets under AB 32 and SB 32, Executive Order B-55-
18 establishes a carbon neutrality goal for the state of California by 2045; and sets a goal to
maintain net negative emissions thereafter. The Executive Order directs the California Natural
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Resources Agency (CNRA), California EPA (CalEPA), the California Department of Food and
Agriculture (CDFA), and CARB to include sequestration targets in the Natural and Working Lands
Climate Change Implementation Plan consistent with the carbon neutrality goal.
2.7.3.3 CALIFORNIA REGULATIONS AND BUILDING CODES
California has a long history of adopting regulations to improve energy efficiency in new and
remodeled buildings. These regulations have kept California’s energy consumption relatively flat
even with rapid population growth.
TITLE 20 CCR SECTIONS 1601 ET SEQ. – APPLIANCE EFFICIENCY REGULATIONS
The Appliance Efficiency Regulations regulate the sale of appliances in California. The Appliance
Efficiency Regulations include standards for both federally regulated appliances and non-
federally regulated appliances. Twenty-three categories of appliances are included in the scope
of these regulations. The standards within these regulations apply to appliances that are sold or
offered for sale in California, except those sold wholesale in California for final retail sale outside
the state and those designed and sold exclusively for use in recreational vehicles (RV) or other
mobile equipment (CEC 2012).
TITLE 24 ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND CALIFORNIA GREEN BUILDING STANDARDS
California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 24 Part 6: The California Energy Code was first adopted
in 1978 in response to a legislative mandate to reduce California’s energy consumption.
The standards are updated periodically to allow consideration and possible incorporation of new
energy efficient technologies and methods. CCR, Title 24, Part 11: California Green Building
Standards Code (CALGreen) is a comprehensive and uniform regulatory code for all residential,
commercial, and school buildings that went in effect on August 1, 2009, and is administered by
the California Building Standards Commission.
CALGreen is updated on a regular basis, with the most recent approved update consisting of the
2022 California Green Building Code Standards that became effective on January 1, 2023. The
CEC anticipates that the 2022 energy code will provide $1.5 billion in consumer benefits and
reduce GHG emissions by 10 million metric tons (45). The Project would be required to comply
with the applicable standards in place at the time plan check submittals are made. These require,
among other items (46):
NONRESIDENTIAL MANDATORY MEASURES
• Short-term bicycle parking. If the new project or an additional alteration is anticipated to
generate visitor traffic, provide permanently anchored bicycle racks within 200 feet of the
visitors’ entrance, readily visible to passers-by, for 5% of new visitor motorized vehicle
parking spaces being added, with a minimum of one two-bike capacity rack
(5.106.4.1.1).
• Long-term bicycle parking. For new buildings with tenant spaces that have 10 or more
tenant-occupants, provide secure bicycle parking for 5% of the tenant-occupant vehicular
parking spaces with a minimum of one bicycle parking facility (5.106.4.1.2).
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• EV charging stations. New construction shall facilitate the future installation of EV supply
equipment. The compliance requires empty raceways for future conduit and documentation that
the electrical system has adequate capacity for the future load. The number of spaces to be
provided for is contained in Table 5.106. 5.3.3 (5.106.5.3). Additionally, Table 5.106.5.4.1
specifies requirements for the installation of raceway conduit and panel power requirements for
medium- and heavy-duty EV supply equipment for warehouses, grocery stores, and retail stores.
• Outdoor light pollution reduction. Outdoor lighting systems shall be designed to meet the
backlight, uplight and glare ratings per Table 5.106.8 (5.106.8).
• Construction waste management. Recycle and/or salvage for reuse a minimum of 65% of
the nonhazardous construction and demolition waste in accordance with Section
5.408.1.1. 5.405.1.2, or 5.408.1.3; or meet a local construction and demolition waste
management ordinance, whichever is more stringent (5.408.1).
• Excavated soil and land clearing debris. 100% of trees, stumps, rocks and associated
vegetation and soils resulting primarily from land clearing shall be reuse or recycled. For a
phased project, such material may be stockpiled on site until the storage site is developed
(5.408.3).
• Recycling by Occupants. Provide readily accessible areas that serve the entire building and are
identified for the depositing, storage, and collection of non-hazardous materials for
recycling, including (at a minimum) paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics, organic
waste, and metals or meet a lawfully enacted local recycling ordinance, if more restrictive
(5.410.1).
• Water conserving plumbing fixtures and fittings. Plumbing fixtures (water closets and
urinals) and fittings (faucets and showerheads) shall comply with the following:
o Water Closets. The effective flush volume of all water closets shall not exceed
1.28 gallons per flush (5.303.3.1)
o Urinals. The effective flush volume of wall-mounted urinals shall not exceed
0.125 gallons per flush (5.303.3.2.1). The effective flush volume of floor- mounted or
other urinals shall not exceed 0.5 gallons per flush (5.303.3.2.2).
o Showerheads. Single showerheads shall have a minimum flow rate of not more than 1.8
gallons per minute and 80 psi (5.303.3.3.1). When a shower is served by more than one
showerhead, the combine flow rate of all showerheads and/or other shower outlets
controlled by a single valve shall not exceed 1.8 gallons per minute at 80 psi (5.303.3.3.2).
o Faucets and fountains. Nonresidential lavatory faucets shall have a maximum flow
rate of not more than 0.5 gallons per minute at 60 psi (5.303.3.4.1). Kitchen faucets shall
have a maximum flow rate of not more than 1.8 gallons per minute of 60 psi
(5.303.3.4.2). Wash fountains shall have a maximum flow rate of not more than 1.8
gallons per minute (5.303.3.4.3). Metering faucets shall not deliver more than 0.20
gallons per cycle (5.303.3.4.4). Metering faucets for wash fountains shall have a
maximum flow rate not more than 0.20 gallons per cycle (5.303.3.4.5).
• Outdoor potable water uses in landscaped areas. Nonresidential developments shall comply
with a local water efficient landscape ordinance or the current California Department of
Water Resources’ Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO), whichever is more
stringent (5.304.1).
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• Water meters. Separate submeters or metering devices shall be installed for new
buildings or additions in excess of 50,000 sf or for excess consumption where any tenant
within a new building or within an addition that is project to consume more than 1,000
gallons per day (GPD) (5.303.1.1 and 5.303.1.2).
• Outdoor water uses in rehabilitated landscape projects equal or greater than 2,500 sf.
Rehabilitated landscape projects with an aggregate landscape area equal to or greater than
2,500 sf requiring a building or landscape permit (5.304.3).
• Commissioning. For new buildings 10,000 sf and over, building commissioning shall be
included in the design and construction processes of the building project to verify that the
building systems and components meet the owner’s or owner representative’s project
requirements (5.410.2).
RESIDENTIAL MANDATORY MEASURES
• Electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. New construction shall comply with Section 4.106.4.1,
4.106.4.2, 4.106.4.3, to facilitate future installation and use of EV chargers. Electric vehicle supply
equipment (EVSE) shall be installed in accordance with the California Electrical Code, Article 625.
(4.106.4).
o New one- and two-family dwellings and town-houses with attached private garages. For
each dwelling unit, install a listed raceway to accommodate a dedicated 208/240-volt
branch circuit. The raceway shall not be less than trade size 1 (nominal 1-inch inside
diameter). The raceway shall originate at the main service or subpanel and shall terminate
into a listed cabinet, box or other enclosure in close proximity to the proposed location
of an EV charger. Raceways are required to be continuous at enclosed, inaccessible or
concealed areas and spaces. The service panel and/or subpanel shall provide capacity to
install a 40-ampere 208/240-volt minimum dedicated branch circuit and space(s)
reserved to permit installation of a branch circuit overcurrent protective device.
o New hotels and motels. All newly constructed hotels and motels shall provide EV spaces
capable of supporting future installation of EVSE. The construction documents shall
identify the location of the EV spaces. The number of required EV spaces shall be based
on the total number of parking spaces provided for all types of parking facilities in
accordance with Table 4.106.4.3.1.
• Water conserving plumbing fixtures and fittings. Plumbing fixtures (water closets and urinals) and
fittings (faucets and showerheads) shall comply with Sections 4.303.1.1, 4.303.1.2, 4.303.1.3, and
4.303.1.4.
• Outdoor potable water use in landscape areas. Residential developments shall comply with a local
water efficient landscape ordinance or the current California Department of Water Resources‘
Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO), whichever is more stringent.
• Operation and maintenance manual. At the time of final inspection, a manual, compact disc, web-
based reference or other media acceptable to the enforcing agency which includes all of the
following shall be placed in the building:
o Directions to the owner or occupant that the manual shall remain with the building
throughout the life cycle of the structure.
o Operations and maintenance instructions for the following:
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Equipment and appliances, including water-saving devices and systems, HVAC
systems, photovoltaic systems, EV chargers, water-heating systems and other
major appliances and equipment.
Roof and yard drainage, including gutter and downspouts.
Space conditioning systems, including condensers and air filters.
Landscape irrigation systems.
Water reuse systems.
o Information from local utility, water and waste recovery providers on methods to further
reduce future resource consumption, including recycling programs and locations.
o Public transportation and/or carpool options available in the area.
o Educational material on the positive impacts of an interior relative humidity between 30-
60% and what methods occupants may use to maintain the relative humidity level in that
range.
o Information about water-conserving landscape and irrigation design and controllers
which conserve water.
o Instructions for maintaining gutters and downspouts and the importance of diverting
water at least 5 feet away from the foundation.
o Information about state solar energy and incentive programs available.
o A copy of all special inspection verifications required by the enforcing agency of this code.
o Information from CALFIRE on maintenance of defensible space around residential
structures.
• Any installed gas fireplace shall be direct-vent sealed-combustion type. Any installed woodstove
or pellet stove shall comply with U.S. EPA New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) emission
limits as applicable, and shall have a permanent label indicating they are certified to meet the
emission limits. Woodstoves, pellet stoves and fireplaces shall also comply with applicable local
ordinances.
• Paints and coatings. Architectural paints and coatings shall comply with VOC limits in Table 1 of
the CARB Architectural Suggested Control Measure, as shown in Table 4.504.3, unless more
stringent local limits apply. The VOC content limit for coatings that do not meet the definitions
for the specialty coatings categories listed in Table 4.504.3 shall be determined by classifying the
coating as a Flat, Nonflat, or Nonflat-high Gloss coating, based on its glass, as defined in
subsections 4.21, 4.36, and 4.37 of the 2007 CARB, Suggested Control Measure, and the
corresponding Flat, Nonflat, Nonflat-high Gloss VOC limit in Table 4.504.3 shall apply.
CARB REFRIGERANT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
CARB adopted a regulation in 2009 to reduce refrigerant GHG emissions from stationary sources
through refrigerant leak detection and monitoring, leak repair, system retirement and
retrofitting, reporting and recordkeeping, and proper refrigerant cylinder use, sale, and disposal.
The regulation is set forth in sections 95380 to 95398 of Title 17, CCR. The rules implementing
the regulation establish a limit on statewide GHG emissions from stationary facilities with
refrigeration systems with more than 50 pounds of a high GWP refrigerant. The refrigerant
management program is designed to (1) reduce emissions of high-GWP GHG refrigerants from
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leaky stationary, non-residential refrigeration equipment; (2) reduce emissions from the
installation and servicing of refrigeration and air-conditioning appliances using high-GWP
refrigerants; and (3) verify GHG emission reductions.
TRACTOR-TRAILER GHG REGULATION
The tractors and trailers subject to this regulation must either use EPA SmartWay certified
tractors and trailers or retrofit their existing fleet with SmartWay verified technologies. The
regulation applies primarily to owners of 53-foot or longer box-type trailers, including both dry-
van and refrigerated-van trailers, and owners of the HD tractors that pull them on California
highways. These owners are responsible for replacing or retrofitting their affected vehicles with
compliant aerodynamic technologies and low rolling resistance tires. Sleeper cab tractors MY
2011 and later must be SmartWay certified. All other tractors must use SmartWay verified low
rolling resistance tires. There are also requirements for trailers to have low rolling resistance tires
and aerodynamic devices.
PHASE I AND 2 HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE GHG STANDARDS
In September 2011, CARB adopted a regulation for GHG emissions from HDTs and engines sold
in California. It establishes GHG emission limits on truck and engine manufacturers
and harmonizes with the EPA rule for new trucks and engines nationally. Existing HD vehicle
regulations in California include engine criteria emission standards, tractor-trailer GHG
requirements to implement SmartWay strategies (i.e., the Heavy-Duty Tractor-Trailer GHG
Regulation), and in-use fleet retrofit requirements such as the Truck and Bus Regulation. The
EPA rule has compliance requirements for new compression and spark ignition engines, as well
as trucks from Class 2b through Class 8. Compliance requirements began with MY 2014 with
stringency levels increasing through MY 2018. The rule organizes truck compliance into three
groupings, which include a) HD pickups and vans; b) vocational vehicles; and c) combination
tractors. The EPA rule does not regulate trailers.
CARB staff has worked jointly with the EPA and the NHTSA on the next phase of federal GHG
emission standards for medium-duty trucks (MDT) and HDT vehicles, called federal Phase 2. The
federal Phase 2 standards were built on the improvements in engine and vehicle efficiency
required by the Phase 1 emission standards and represent a significant opportunity to achieve
further GHG reductions for 2018 and later MY HDT vehicles, including trailers. The EPA and
NHTSA have proposed to roll back GHG and fuel economy standards for cars and light-duty trucks,
which suggests a similar rollback of Phase 2 standards for MDT and HDT vehicles may be pursued.
SB 97 AND THE CEQA GUIDELINES UPDATE
Passed in August 2007, SB 97 added Section 21083.05 to the Public Resources Code. The code
states “(a) On or before July 1, 2009, the Office of Planning and Research (OPR) shall prepare,
develop, and transmit to the Resources Agency guidelines for the mitigation of GHG emissions or
the effects of GHG emissions as required by this division, including, but not limited to, effects
associated with transportation or energy consumption. (b) On or before January 1, 2010, the
Resources Agency shall certify and adopt guidelines prepared and developed by the OPR
pursuant to subdivision (a).”
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In 2012, Public Resources Code Section 21083.05 was amended to state:
“The Office of Planning and Research and the Natural Resources Agency shall
periodically update the guidelines for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions
or the effects of greenhouse gas emissions as required by this division, including,
but not limited to, effects associated with transportation or energy consumption,
to incorporate new information or criteria established by the State Air Resources
Board pursuant to Division 25.5 (commencing with Section 38500) of the Health
and Safety Code.”
On December 28, 2018, the Natural Resources Agency announced the OAL approved the
amendments to the CEQA Guidelines for implementing CEQA. The CEQA Amendments provide
guidance to public agencies regarding the analysis and mitigation of the effects of GHG emissions
in CEQA documents. The CEQA Amendments fit within the existing CEQA framework by amending
existing CEQA Guidelines to reference climate change.
Section 15064.4 was added to the CEQA Guidelines and states that in determining the significance
of a project’s GHG emissions, the lead agency should focus its analysis on the reasonably
foreseeable incremental contribution of the project’s emissions to the effects of climate change.
A project’s incremental contribution may be cumulatively considerable even if it appears
relatively insignificant compared to statewide, national, or global emissions. The agency’s
analysis should consider a timeframe that is appropriate for the project. The agency’s analysis
also must reasonably reflect evolving scientific knowledge and state regulatory schemes.
Additionally, a lead agency may use a model or methodology to estimate GHG emissions resulting
from a project. The lead agency has discretion to select the model or methodology it considers
most appropriate to enable decision makers to intelligently take into account the project’s
incremental contribution to climate change. The lead agency must support its selection of a
model or methodology with substantial evidence. The lead agency should explain the limitations
of the particular model or methodology selected for use (47).
2.7.4 REGIONAL
The Project site is located within the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB), which is under the jurisdiction
of the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD).
SCAQMD
SCAQMD is the agency responsible for air quality planning and regulation in the SCAB. The
SCAQMD addresses the impacts to climate change of projects subject to SCAQMD permit as a
lead agency if they are the only agency having discretionary approval for the project and acts as
a responsible agency when a land use agency must also approve discretionary permits for the
project. The SCAQMD acts as an expert commenting agency for impacts to air quality. This
expertise carries over to GHG emissions, so the agency helps local land use agencies through the
development of models and emission thresholds that can be used to address GHG emissions.
In 2008, SCAQMD formed a Working Group to identify GHG emissions thresholds for land use
projects that could be used by local lead agencies in the SCAB. The Working Group developed
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several different options that are contained in the SCAQMD Draft Guidance Document – Interim
CEQA GHG Significance Threshold, which could be applied by lead agencies. The working group
has not provided additional guidance since release of the interim guidance in 2008. The SCAQMD
Board has not approved the thresholds; however, the Guidance Document provides substantial
evidence supporting the approaches to significance of GHG emissions that can be considered by
the lead agency in adopting its own threshold. The current interim thresholds consist of the
following tiered approach:
• Tier 1 consists of evaluating whether or not the project qualifies for any applicable
exemption under CEQA.
• Tier 2 consists of determining whether the project is consistent with a GHG reduction plan.
If a project is consistent with a qualifying local GHG reduction plan, it does not have
significant GHG emissions.
• Tier 3 consists of screening values, which the lead agency can choose, but must be
consistent with all projects within its jurisdiction. A project’s construction emissions are
averaged over 30 years and are added to the project’s operational emissions. If a project’s
emissions are below one of the following screening thresholds, then the project is less than
significant:
o Residential and commercial land use: 3,000 MTCO2e/yr
o Industrial land use: 10,000 MTCO2e/yr
o Based on land use type: residential: 3,500 MTCO2e/yr; commercial: 1,400
MTCO2e/yr; or mixed use: 3,000 MTCO2e/yr
• Tier 4 has the following options:
o Option 1: Reduce Business-as-Usual (BAU) emissions by a certain percentage; this
percentage is currently undefined.
o Option 2: Early implementation of applicable AB 32 Scoping Plan measures
o Option 3: 2020 target for service populations (SP), which includes residents and
employees: 4.8 MTCO2e per SP per year for projects and 6.6 MTCO2e per SP per
year for plans;
o Option 3, 2035 target: 3.0 MTCO2e per SP per year for projects and 4.1 MTCO2e per
SP per year for plans
• Tier 5 involves mitigation offsets to achieve target significance threshold.
The SCAQMD’s interim thresholds used the Executive Order S-3-05-year 2050 goal as the basis
for the Tier 3 screening level. Achieving the Executive Order’s objective would contribute to
worldwide efforts to cap CO2 concentrations at 450 ppm, thus stabilizing global climate.
SCAQMD only has authority over GHG emissions from development projects that include air
quality permits. At this time, it is unknown if the project would include stationary sources of
emissions subject to SCAQMD permits. Notwithstanding, if the Project requires a stationary
permit, it would be subject to the applicable SCAQMD regulations.
SCAQMD Regulation XXVII, adopted in 2009 includes the following rules:
• Rule 2700 defines terms and post global warming potentials.
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• Rule 2701, SoCal Climate Solutions Exchange, establishes a voluntary program to
encourage, quantify, and certify voluntary, high quality certified GHG emission reductions
in the SCAQMD.
• Rule 2702, GHG Reduction Program created a program to produce GHG emission reductions
within the SCAQMD. The SCAQMD would fund projects through contracts in response to
requests for proposals or purchase reductions from other parties.
SCAQMD is the agency responsible for air quality planning and regulation in the SCAB. The
SCAQMD addresses the impacts to climate change of projects subject to SCAQMD permit as a
lead agency if they are the only agency having discretionary approval for the project and acts as
a responsible agency when a land use agency must also approve discretionary permits for the
project. The SCAQMD acts as an expert commenting agency for impacts to air quality. This
expertise carries over to GHG emissions, so the agency helps local land use agencies through the
development of models and emission thresholds that can be used to address GHG emissions.
SCAQMD RULE 2305
The SCAQMD adopted Rule 2305, the Warehouse Indirect Source Rule, on May 7, 2021. Owners
and operators associated with warehouses 100,000 square feet (sf) or larger are required to
directly reduce NOX and PM emissions, or to otherwise facilitate emission and exposure
reductions of these pollutants in nearby communities. While NOX and PM emissions are the
target of this regulation, GHG emission reductions would also be realized through the
implementation of zero-emission and/or near-zero emissions trucks, solar panels, and electric
vehicle chargers.
2.7.5 LOCAL
CITY OF LAKE ELSINORE CLIMATE ACTION PLAN (CAP)
The City of Lake Elsinore CAP is a comprehensive document to ensure that the City reduces
community-wide GHG emissions (48). The CAP was prepared concurrently with the City’s General
Plan and environmental impact report (EIR), to serve as the City’s primary information and policy
document for GHG emissions reductions in order to analyze and reduce potentially significant
GHG emissions resulting from development under the City of Lake Elsinore General Plan.
The City’s CAP, adopted in 2011, certified that the City’s target is consistent with AB 32’s 2020
goals. As the Project’s Opening Year is 2028, at the time the analysis was prepared, an updated
CAP has not been formally adopted. Consistency with the CAP is identified in Section 3.7 of this
report .
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3 PROJECT GHG IMPACT
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The Project has been evaluated to determine if it will result in a significant GHG impact. The
significance of these potential impacts is described in the following sections.
3.2 STANDARDS OF SIGNIFICANCE
The criteria used to determine the significance of potential Project-related GHG impacts are
taken from the Initial Study Checklist in Appendix G of the State CEQA Guidelines (14 California
Code of Regulations §§15000, et seq.). Based on these thresholds, a project would result in a
significant impact related to GHG if it would (49):
• Generate GHG emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the
environment?
• Conflict with an applicable plan, policy or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the
emissions of GHGs?
The evaluation of an impact under CEQA requires measuring data from a project against both
existing conditions and a “threshold of significance.” For establishing significance thresholds, the
Office of Planning and Research’s amendments to the CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.7(c) state
“[w]hen adopting thresholds of significance, a lead agency may consider thresholds of
significance previously adopted or recommended by other public agencies, or recommended by
experts, provided the decision of the lead agency to adopt such thresholds is supported by
substantial evidence.”
CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.4(a) further states, “. . . A lead agency shall have discretion to
determine, in the context of a particular project, whether to: (1) Use a model or methodology to
quantify greenhouse gas emissions resulting from a project, and which model or methodology to
use . . .; or (2) Rely on a qualitative analysis or performance-based standards.”
CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.4 provides that a lead agency should consider the following
factors, among others, in assessing the significance of impacts from greenhouse gas emissions:
• Consideration #1: The extent to which the project may increase or reduce greenhouse gas
emissions as compared to the existing environmental setting.
• Consideration #2: Whether the project emissions exceed a threshold of significance that the lead
agency determines applies to the project.
• Consideration #3: The extent to which the project complies with regulations or requirements
adopted to implement a statewide, regional, or local plan for the reduction or mitigation of
greenhouse gas emissions. Such regulations or requirements must be adopted by the relevant
public agency through a public review process and must reduce or mitigate the project’s
incremental contribution of greenhouse gas emissions. In determining the significance of
impacts, the lead agency may consider a project’s consistency with the State’s long-term climate
goals or strategies, provided that substantial evidence supports the agency’s analysis of how those
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goals or strategies address the project’s incremental contribution to climate change and its
conclusion that the project’s incremental contribution is not cumulatively considerable.
3.2.1 THRESHOLDS OF SIGNIFICANCE
The City of Lake Elsinore has not adopted its own numeric threshold of significance for
determining impacts with respect to GHG emissions. As such the SCAQMD’s recommended Tier
3 screening threshold of 10,000 MTCO2e/yr. for industrial stationary source emissions to
determine the significance of a project’s GHG emissions would be utilized. However, the
SCAQMD’s draft threshold of 3,000 MTCO2e/yr. is more conservative and appropriate for
industrial and warehouse land use development projects. The screening threshold of 3,000
MTCO2e/yr to determine if additional analysis is required is an acceptable approach for small
projects such as the proposed Project. This approach is a widely accepted screening threshold
used by the City of Lake Elsinoreand numerous cities in the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB) and is
based on the SCAQMD staff’s proposed GHG screening threshold for stationary source emissions
for non-industrial projects, as described in the SCAQMD’s Interim CEQA GHG Significance
Threshold for Stationary Sources, Rules and Plans (“SCAQMD Interim GHG Threshold”). The
SCAQMD Interim GHG Threshold identifies a screening threshold to determine whether
additional analysis is required (50). As noted by the SCAQMD:
“…the…screening level for stationary sources is based on an emission capture rate
of 90% for all new or modified projects...the policy objective of [SCAQMD’s]
recommended interim GHG significance threshold proposal is to achieve an
emission capture rate of 90% of all new or modified stationary source projects. A
GHG significance threshold based on a 90% emission capture rate may be more
appropriate to address the long-term adverse impacts associated with global
climate change because most projects will be required to implement GHG
reduction measures. Further, a 90% emission capture rate sets the emission
threshold low enough to capture a substantial fraction of future stationary source
projects that will be constructed to accommodate future statewide population and
economic growth, while setting the emission threshold high enough to exclude
small projects that will in aggregate contribute a relatively small fraction of the
cumulative statewide GHG emissions. This assertion is based on the fact that
[SCAQMD] staff estimates that these GHG emissions would account for slightly less
than 1% of future 2050 statewide GHG emissions target (85 [MMTCO2e/yr]). In
addition, these small projects may be subject to future applicable GHG control
regulations that would further reduce their overall future contribution to the
statewide GHG inventory. Finally, these small sources are already subject to [Best
Available Control Technology] (BACT) for criteria pollutants and are more likely to
be single-permit facilities, so they are more likely to have few opportunities readily
available to reduce GHG emissions from other parts of their facility.” (51)
Thus, and based on guidance from the SCAQMD, if a non-industrial project would emit GHGs less
than 3,000 MTCO2e/yr, the project is not considered a substantial GHG emitter and the GHG
impact is less than significant, requiring no additional analysis and no mitigation. On the other
hand, if a non-industrial project would emit GHGs in excess of 3,000 MTCO2e/yr, then the project
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could be considered a substantial GHG emitter, requiring additional analysis and potential
mitigation. As previously discussed, the proposed Project would include both industrial and
residential uses and therefore as a conservative measure, the screening threshold of 3,000
MTCO2e/yr is used to determine if the Project would be considered a substantial source of GHG
emissions.
3.3 MODELS EMPLOYED TO ANALYZE GHGS
3.3.1 CALIFORNIA EMISSIONS ESTIMATOR MODEL (CALEEMOD)
In June 2024, the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA) in conjunction
with other California air districts, including the SCAQMD, released the latest version of CalEEMod,
version 2022.1.1.26. The purpose of this model is to calculate construction-source and
operational-source criteria pollutants and GHG emissions from direct and indirect sources; and
quantify applicable air quality and GHG reductions achieved from mitigation measures (52).
Accordingly, the latest version of CalEEMod has been used for this Project to determine GHG
emissions. Output from the model runs for construction and operational activity are provided in
Appendices 3.1 and 3.2. CalEEMod includes GHG emissions from the following source categories:
construction, area, energy, mobile, waste, water, refrigerants, stationary, TRUs, and on-site cargo
equipment.
3.4 LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS NOT REQUIRED
A full life‐cycle analysis (LCA) for construction and operational activity is not included in this
analysis due to the lack of consensus guidance on LCA methodology at this time (53). Life‐cycle
analysis (i.e., assessing economy‐wide GHG emissions from the processes in manufacturing and
transporting all raw materials used in the Project development, infrastructure, and on-going
operations) depends on emission factors or econometric factors that are not well established for
all processes. At this time, an LCA would be extremely speculative and thus has not been
prepared.
Additionally, the SCAQMD recommends analyzing direct and indirect project GHG emissions
generated within California and not life-cycle emissions because the life-cycle effects from a
project could occur outside of California, might not be very well understood, or documented, and
would be challenging to mitigate (54). Additionally, the science to calculate life cycle emissions is
not yet established or well defined; therefore, the SCAQMD has not recommended, and is not
requiring, life-cycle emissions analysis.
3.5 CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS
Project construction activities would generate CO2 and CH4 emissions. The Elsinore Heights Air
Quality Impact Analysis (AQIA) report contains detailed information regarding Project
construction activities (55). As discussed in the AQIA, construction-related emissions are
expected from the following activities:
OFF-SITE IMPROVEMENTS
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• Linear, Grubbing & Land Clearing
• Linear, Grading & Excavation
• Linear, Drainage, Utilities, & Sub-Grade
• Linear, Paving
PHASE 1
• Demolition
• Site Preparation
• Grading/Blasting/Rock Crushing
• Building Construction
• Paving
• Architectural Coating
PROJECT BUILDOUT
• Demolition
• Site Preparation
• Grading
• Building Construction
• Paving
• Architectural Coating
3.5.1 CONSTRUCTION DURATION
For purposes of analysis, Off-site construction will begin January 2026 and would last through
March 2025. Phase 1 construction of Project is expected to commence in January 2025 and would
last through January 2026. Project Buildout construction will begin January 2026 and be
completed in December 2028. The construction schedule utilized in the analysis, shown in Table
3-1, represents a “conservative” analysis scenario should construction occur any time after the
respective dates since emission factors for construction decrease as time passes and the analysis
year increases due to emission regulations becoming more stringent.3 The duration of
construction activity and associated equipment represents a reasonable approximation of the
expected construction fleet as required per the CEQA Guidelines (56).
TABLE 3-1: CONSTRUCTION DURATION
Phase Construction Activity Start Date End Date Working
Off-Site Linear, Grubbing & Land Clearing 1/1/2025 1/8/2025 6
Linear, Grading & Excavation 1/9/2025 2/3/2025 18
3 As shown in the CalEEMod User’s Guide Version 2022, Appendix G “Table G-11. Statewide Average Annual Offoad Equipment Emission Factors”
as the analysis year increases, emission factors for the same equipment pieces decrease due to the natural turnover of older equipment being
replaced by newer less polluting equipment and new regulatory requirements.
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Phase Construction Activity Start Date End Date Working
Linear, Drainage, Utilities, & Sub-Grade 2/4/2025 2/26/2025 17
Linear, Paving 2/27/2025 3/7/2025 7
1
Demolition 1/1/2025 1/22/2025 16
Site Preparation 1/23/2025 2/5/2025 10
Grading/Blasting/Rock Crushing 2/6/2025 3/10/2025 23
Building Construction 3/11/2025 1/2/2026 214
Paving 12/1/2025 1/2/2026 25
Architectural Coating 12/1/2025 1/2/2026 25
Project
Buildout
Demolition 1/5/2026 3/4/2026 43
Site Preparation 3/5/2026 4/9/2026 26
Grading 4/10/2026 7/10/2026 66
Building Construction 7/13/2026 12/29/2028 645
Paving 10/24/2028 12/29/2028 49
Architectural Coating 10/24/2028 12/29/2028 49
3.5.2 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Consistent with industry standards and typical construction practices, each piece of equipment
listed in Table 3-2 is assumed to operate up to a total of eight (8) hours per day, or more than
two-thirds of the period during which construction activities are allowed pursuant to the City
code. In accordance with the City of Lake Elsinore Good Neighbor Policy for Logistics and
Warehouse/Distribution uses, it was assumed that all construction equipment would meet at
least CARB Tier 4 Interim emissions standards.
TABLE 3-2: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT ASSUMPTIONS
Phase Construction Activity Equipment Amount Hours Per Day
Off-Site
Linear, Grubbing & Land
Clearing
Crawler Tractors 1 8
Excavators 1 8
Linear, Grading & Excavation
Excavators 1 8
Crawler Tractors 1 8
Graders 1 8
Rollers 1 8
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 1 8
Rubber Tired Loaders 1 8
Scrapers 1 8
Scrapers 1 8
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Phase Construction Activity Equipment Amount Hours Per Day
Linear, Drainage, Utilities, &
Sub-Grade
Rough Terrain Forklifts 1 8
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 1 8
Graders 1 8
Plate Compactors 1 8
Pumps 1 8
Air Compressors 1 8
Generator Sets 1 8
Linear, Paving
Rollers 1 8
Paving Equipment 1 8
Pavers 1 8
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 1 8
1
Demolition
Rubber Tired Dozers 2 8
Excavators 3 8
Concrete/Industrial Saws 1 8
Crushing/Proc. Equipment 1 8
Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers 3 8
Crawler Tractors 4 8
Grading/Blasting/Rock Crushing
Crawler Tractors 2 8
Excavators 2 8
Graders 1 8
Rubber Tired Dozers 1 8
Scrapers 2 8
Bore/Drill Rigs 1 8
Generator Sets 1 8
Building Construction
Forklifts 3 8
Generator Sets 1 8
Cranes 1 8
Welders 1 8
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 8
Paving
Pavers 2 8
Paving Equipment 2 8
Rollers 2 8
Architectural Coating Air Compressors 1 8
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Phase Construction Activity Equipment Amount Hours Per Day
Project
Buildout
Demolition
Rubber Tired Dozers 2 8
Excavators 3 8
Concrete/Industrial Saws 1 8
Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers 3 8
Crawler Tractors 4 8
Grading
Graders 1 8
Excavators 2 8
Scrapers 2 8
Rubber Tired Dozers 1 8
Crawler Tractors 2 8
Building Construction
Forklifts 3 8
Generator Sets 1 8
Cranes 1 8
Welders 1 8
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 8
Paving
Pavers 2 8
Paving Equipment 2 8
Rollers 2 8
Architectural Coating Air Compressors 1 8
3.5.3 CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS SUMMARY
For construction phase Project emissions, GHGs are quantified and amortized over the life of the
Project. To amortize the emissions over the life of the Project, the SCAQMD recommends
calculating the total GHG emissions for the construction activities, dividing it by a 30-year Project
life then adding that number to the annual operational phase GHG emissions (57). As such,
construction emissions were amortized over a 30-year period and added to the annual
operational phase GHG emissions. The amortized construction emissions are presented in Table
3-3.
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TABLE 3-3: AMORTIZED ANNUAL CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS
Year Emissions (MT/yr)
CO2 CH4 N2O Refrigerants Total CO2e 4
2025 726.91 0.03 0.02 0.37 735.35
2026 707.95 0.02 0.02 0.32 715.61
2027 733.04 0.02 0.04 0.55 745.06
2028 773.78 0.02 0.04 0.51 786.00
Total GHG Emissions 2,941.68 0.09 0.12 1.76 2,982.02
Amortized Construction Emissions 98.06 0.00 0.00 0.06 99.40
Source: CalEEMod annual construction-source emissions are presented in Appendix 3.1.
3.6 OPERATIONAL EMISSIONS
Operational activities associated with the Project would result in emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, and
Refrigerant emissions from the following primary sources:
• Area Source Emissions
• Energy Source Emissions
• Mobile Source Emissions
• Water Supply, Treatment, and Distribution
• Solid Waste
• Refrigerants
• Stationary Source Emissions
• On-site Cargo Equipment Emissions
• TRU Source Emissions
3.6.1 AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT
Landscape maintenance equipment would generate emissions from fuel combustion and
evaporation of unburned fuel. Equipment in this category would include lawnmowers,
shedders/grinders, blowers, trimmers, chain saws, and hedge trimmers used to maintain the
landscaping of the Project. It should be noted that on October 9, 2021, Governor Gavin Newsom
signed AB 1346. The bill aims to ban the sale of new gasoline-powered equipment under 25 gross
horsepower (known as small off-road engines [SOREs]) by 2024, which is now effective. For
purposes of analysis, the emissions associated with landscape maintenance equipment were
calculated based on assumptions provided in CalEEMod.
4 CalEEMod reports the most common GHGs emitted which include CO2, CH4, N2O and R. These GHGs are then converted into the CO2e by
multiplying the individual GHG by the GWP.
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3.6.2 ENERGY SOURCE EMISSIONS
COMBUSTION EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NATURAL GAS AND ELECTRICITY
GHGs are emitted from buildings as a result of activities for which electricity and natural gas are
typically used as energy sources. Combustion of any type of fuel emits CO2 and other GHGs
directly into the atmosphere; these emissions are considered direct emissions associated with a
building; the building energy use emissions do not include street lighting.5 GHGs are also emitted
during the generation of electricity from fossil fuels; these emissions are considered to be indirect
emissions. Electricity usage associated with the Project was calculated by CalEEMod using default
parameters. Natural gas associated with the residential portion of the Project was calculated by
CalEEMod using default parameters. Based on information provided by the Project applicant, the
industrial portion of the proposed Project would not utilize natural gas.
3.6.3 MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS
The Project related operational air quality emissions derive primarily from vehicle trips generated
by the Project, including residential, employee trips to and from the site and truck trips associated
with the proposed residential and industrial uses. Trip characteristics available from the Elsinore
Heights Traffic Impact Analysis were utilized in this analysis (58).
APPROACH FOR ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT
For purposes of analysis, CalEEMod default parameters for trip length, trip purposes and fleet
mix were used to determine mobile-source emissions from the residential portion of the Project,
which would include up to 61 attached dwelling units.
In order to determine emissions from passenger car vehicles for the industrial uses, CalEEMod
defaults for trip length and trip purpose were utilized.
For the proposed industrial uses, it is important to note that although the Elsinore Heights Traffic
Analysis does not breakdown passenger cars by type, this analysis assumes that passenger cars
include Light-Duty-Auto vehicles (LDA), Light-Duty-Trucks (LDT1 6 & LDT2 7), Medium-Duty-
Vehicles (MDV), and Motorcycles (MCY) vehicle types. In order to account for emissions
generated by passenger cars, the fleet mix in Table 3-6 was utilized for industrial uses.
5 The CalEEMod emissions inventory model does not include indirect emission related to street lighting. Indirect emissions related to street
lighting are expected to be negligible and cannot be accurately quantified at this time as there is insufficient information as to the number and
type of street lighting that would occur.
6 Vehicles under the LDT1 category have a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of less than 6,000 lbs. and equivalent test weight (ETW) of less
than or equal to 3,750 lbs.
7 Vehicles under the LDT2 category have a GVWR of less than 6,000 lbs. and ETW between 3,751 lbs. and 5,750 lbs.
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TABLE 3-4: PASSENGER CAR FLEET MIX
Land Use % Vehicle Type
LDA LDT1 LDT2 MDV MCY
High-Cube Fulfillment Warehouse (Non-Sort)
53.71 3.92 23.01 16.92 2.44 High-Cube Fulfillment Warehouse (Sort)
High-Cube Cold Storage Warehouse
General Light Industrial
Note: The Project-specific passenger car fleet mix used in this analysis is based on a proportional split utilizing the default CalEEMod
percentages assigned to LDA, LDT1, LDT2, and MDV vehicle types.
To determine emissions from trucks for the proposed industrial uses, the analysis incorporated
the SCAQMD recommended truck trip length of 15.3 miles for 2-axle (LHDT1, LHDT2) trucks, 14.2
miles 3-axle (MHDT) trucks and 40 miles for 4+-axle (HHDT) trucks and weighting the average trip
lengths using traffic trip percentages taken from the Elsinore Heights Traffic Impact Analysis. The
trip length function for the proposed industrial building uses has been calculated to 30.34 miles
for the high-cube fulfillment warehouse (non-sort) use, 29.38 miles for the high-cube fulfillment
warehouse (sort) use, 28.55 miles for the high-cube cold storage warehouse use, and 29.84 miles
for the general light industrial use with an assumption of 100% primary trips. This trip length
assumption is higher than the CalEEMod defaults for trucks.
In order to be consistent with the Elsinore Heights Traffic Impact Analysis, trucks are broken
down by truck type. The truck fleet mix is estimated by apportioning the trip rates for each truck
type based on information provided in the Elsinore Heights Traffic Impact Analysis. Heavy trucks
are broken down by truck type (or axle type) and are categorized as either Light-Heavy-Duty
Trucks (LHDT1 8 & LHDT2 9)/2-axle, Medium-Heavy-Duty Trucks (MHD)/3-axle, and Heavy-Heavy-
Duty Trucks (HHD)/4+-axle. To account for emissions generated by trucks, the following fleet mix
was utilized in this analysis:
TABLE 3-5: TRUCK FLEET MIX
Land Use % Vehicle Type
LHDT1 LHDT2 MHDT HHDT
High-Cube Fulfillment Warehouse (Non-Sort) 13.40 3.84 20.69 62.07
High-Cube Fulfillment Warehouse (Sort) 12.96 3.71 25.00 58.33
High-Cube Cold Storage Warehouse 27.04 7.74 10.87 54.35
General Light Industrial 15.55 4.45 20.00 60.00
Note: Project-specific truck fleet mix is based on the number of trips generated by each truck type (LHDT1, LHDT2, MHDT, and HHDT) relative to
the total number of truck trips.
8 Vehicles under the LHDT1 category have a GVWR of 8,501 to 10,000 lbs.
9 Vehicles under the LHDT2 category have a GVWR of 10,001 to 14,000 lbs.
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3.6.4 WATER SUPPLY, TREATMENT, AND DISTRIBUTION
Indirect GHG emissions result from the production of electricity used to convey, treat, and
distribute water and wastewater. The amount of electricity required to convey, treat, and
distribute water depends on the volume of water as well as the sources of the water. Unless
otherwise noted, CalEEMod default parameters were used.
3.6.5 SOLID WASTE
The proposed land uses would result in the generation and disposal of solid waste. A percentage
of this waste would be diverted from landfills by a variety of means, such as reducing the amount
of waste generated, recycling, and/or composting. The remainder of the waste not diverted
would be disposed of at a landfill. GHG emissions from landfills are associated with the anaerobic
breakdown of material. GHG emissions associated with the disposal of solid waste associated
with the proposed Project were calculated by CalEEMod using default parameters.
3.6.6 REFRIGERANTS
Air conditioning (A/C) and refrigeration equipment associated with the buildings are anticipated
to generate GHG emissions. CalEEMod automatically generates a default A/C and refrigeration
equipment inventory for each project land use subtype based on industry data from the USEPA
(2016b). CalEEMod quantifies refrigerant emissions from leaks during regular operation and
routine servicing over the equipment lifetime and then derives average annual emissions from
the lifetime estimate. Note that CalEEMod does not quantify emissions from the disposal of
refrigeration and A/C equipment at the end of its lifetime. Per 17 CCR 95371, new facilities with
refrigeration equipment containing more than 50 pounds of refrigerant are prohibited from
utilizing refrigerants with a GWP of 150 or greater as of January 1, 2022. Additionally, beginning
January 1, 2025, all new air conditioning equipment may not use refrigerants with a GWP of 750
or greater. GHG emissions associated with refrigerants were calculated by CalEEMod using
default parameters.
3.6.7 STATIONARY SOURCE EMISSIONS
The proposed Project was conservatively assumed to include installation of four 300-horsepower
diesel-powered emergency generators at the industrial buildings. The emergency generators
were estimated to operate for up to 1 hour per day, 1 day per week for up to 50 hours per year
for maintenance and testing purposes. Emissions associated with the stationary diesel-powered
emergency generators were calculated using CalEEMod.
3.6.8 ON-SITE CARGO HANDLING EQUIPMENT EMISSIONS
It is common for industrial buildings to require the operation of exterior cargo handling
equipment in the building’s truck court areas. For this Project, on-site modeled operational
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equipment includes up to two (2) 175 horsepower (hp), natural gas-powered cargo handling
equipment – port tractor operating 4 hours a day 10 for 365 days of the year.
3.6.9 TRU EMISSIONS
In order to account for the possibility of refrigerated uses, trucks associated with the cold-storage
land use are assumed to also have TRUs. Therefore, for modeling purposes, 10 one-way truck
trips have the potential to include TRUs. TRUs are accounted for during on-site and off-site travel.
The TRU calculations are based on the EMFAC Offroad Emissions, developed by the CARB. EMFAC
does not provide emission rates per hour or mile as with the on-road emission model and only
provides emission inventories. Emission results are produced in tons per day while all activity,
fuel consumption and horsepower hours were reported at annual levels. The emission inventory
is based on specific assumptions including the average horsepower rating of specific types of
equipment and the hours of operation annually. These assumptions are not always consistent
with assumptions used in the modeling of project level emissions. Therefore, the emissions
inventory was converted into emission rates to accurately calculate emissions from TRU
operation associated with project level details. This was accomplished by converting the annual
horsepower hours to daily operational characteristics and converting the daily emission levels
into hourly emission rates based on the total emission of each criteria pollutant by equipment
type and the average daily hours of operation.
3.6.10 EMISSIONS SUMMARY
The estimated Project-related GHG emissions are summarized in Table 3-6. Detailed operation
model outputs for the Project are presented in Appendices 3.1 and 3.2. As shown in Table 3-6,
construction and operation of the Project would generate approximately 5,435.95 MTCO2e/yr.
TABLE 3-6: PROJECT GHG EMISSIONS
Emission Source Emissions (MT/yr)
CO2 CH4 N2O Refrigerants Total CO2e
Annual construction-related emissions
amortized over 30 years 98.06 3.09E-03 4.06E-03 5.86E-02 99.40
Mobile Source Passenger Vehicles 1752.34 0.03 0.26 2.05 1832.06
Mobile Source Trucks 1662.93 0.07 0.06 2.08 1684.42
Area Source 26.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.93
Energy Source 1,035.07 0.10 0.01 0.00 1,040.93
Water Usage 196.58 4.27 0.10 0.00 334.07
Waste 52.40 5.24 0.00 0.00 183.33
Refrigerants 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.35 21.35
Stationary 22.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.92
10 Based on Table II-3, Port and Rail Cargo Handling Equipment Demographics by Type, from CARB’s Technology Assessment: Mobile Cargo
Handling Equipment document, a single piece of equipment could operate up to 2 hours per day (Total Average Annual Activity divided by Total
Number Pieces of Equipment). As such, the analysis conservatively assumes that the tractor/loader/backhoe would operate up to 4 hours per
day.
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Emission Source Emissions (MT/yr)
CO2 CH4 N2O Refrigerants Total CO2e
On-Site Cargo Equipment 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 94.73
TRU 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 95.79
Total CO2e (All Sources) 5,435.95
Source: CalEEMod output, See Appendix 3.2 for detailed model outputs.
3.7 GHG EMISSIONS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
3.7.1 GHG IMPACT 1
Potential to generate direct or indirect GHG emissions that would result in a significant impact
on the environment.
As discussed previously, the City of Lake Elsinore has not adopted its own numeric threshold of
significance for determining impacts with respect to GHG emissions. Therefore, although
intended for non-industrial Projects, as a conservative measure the screening threshold of 3,000
MTCO2e/yr is used to determine if the Project would be considered a substantial source of GHG
emissions. This approach is a widely accepted screening threshold used by the City of Lake
Elsinoreand numerous cities in the SCAQMD staff’s proposed GHG screening threshold for
stationary source emissions for non-industrial projects, as described in the SCAQMD’s Interim
CEQA GHG Significance Threshold for Stationary Sources, Rules and Plans (“SCAQMD Interim GHG
Threshold”). The SCAQMD Interim GHG Threshold identifies a screening threshold to determine
whether additional analysis is required (34) projects that generate less than 3,000 MTCO2e/yr
would have a less-than-significant GHG emissions impact.
The Project will result in approximately 1,919.47 MTCO2e/yr from construction, area, energy,
waste, water usage, refrigerants, stationary, TRUs, and on-site cargo equipment. In addition, the
Project has the potential to result in an additional 4,516.48 MTCO2e/yr from mobile sources if
the assumption is made that all of the vehicle trips to and from the Project are “new” trips
resulting from the development of the Project. As shown, the proposed Project would generate
a total of 5,435.95 MTCO2e/yr and would therefore exceed the 3,000 MTCO2e/yr significance
threshold.
Additionally, the mitigation measures identified in Section ES.4 of this report are designed to
reduce Project energy and mobile-source emissions. However, to provide a conservative
disclosure of Project emissions, no reductions in emissions are assumed to occur even with
implementation of these measures.
The City of Lake Elsinoreor the Project Applicant do not have regulatory authority to control
mobile source (tailpipe) emissions, and no feasible MM beyond the measures identified in
Section ES.4 exist that would reduce GHG emissions to levels that are less-than-significant, thus
these emissions are considered significant and unavoidable.
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3.7.2 GHG IMPACT 2
Would the Project conflict with an applicable plan, policy or regulation adopted for the purpose
of reducing the emissions of GHGs?
As previously stated, pursuant to Section 15604.4 of the CEQA Guidelines, a lead agency may rely
on qualitative analysis or performance-based standards to determine the significance of impacts
from GHG emissions (47). As such, the Project’s consistency with the 2022 Scoping Plan is
discussed below. It should be noted that the Project’s consistency with the 2022 Scoping Plan
also satisfies consistency with AB 32 since the 2022 Scoping Plan is based on the overall targets
established by AB 32 and SB 32. Consistency with the 2008 and 2017 Scoping Plan is not necessary
since both of these plans have been superseded by the 2022 Scoping Plan. For reasons outlined
herein, the proposed Project would result in a less than significant impact with respect to GHG
emissions for GHG Impact #2.
2022 SCOPING PLAN CONSISTENCY
The Project would not impede the State’s progress towards carbon neutrality by 2045 under the
2022 Scoping Plan. The Project would be required to comply with applicable current and future
regulatory requirements promulgated through the 2022 Scoping Plan. Some of the current
transportation sector policies the Project will comply with (through vehicle manufacturer
compliance) include: Advanced Clean Cars II, Advanced Clean Trucks, Advanced Clean Fleets, Zero
Emission Forklifts, the Off-Road Zero-Emission Targeted Manufacturer rule, Clean Off-Road Fleet
Recognition Program, In-use Off-Road Diesel-Fueled Fleets Regulation, Off-Road Zero-Emission
Targeted Manufacturer rule, Clean Off-Road Fleet Recognition Program, Amendments to the In-
use Off-Road Diesel-Fueled Fleets Regulation, carbon pricing through the Cap-and-Trade
Program, and the Low Carbon Fuel Standard. Lastly, the Project would be required to comply
with applicable elements outlined in the Good Neighbor Guidelines. As such, the Project would
be consistent with the 2022 Scoping Plan. For reasons outlined herein, the proposed Project
would result in a less than significant impact with respect to the Project’s consistency with the
2022 Scoping Plan.
CONSISTENCY WITH CITY OF LAKE ELSINORE CAP
The City’s CAP, adopted in 2011, certified that the City’s target is consistent with AB 32’s 2020
goals. As the Project’s Opening Year is 2028, at the time the analysis was prepared, an updated
CAP has not been formally adopted. Table 3-7 consists of an analysis of Project consistency with
the policies in the CAP.
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TABLE 3-7: PROJECT CONSISTENCY WITH CITY OF LAKE ELSINORE CAP
CAP Measure Applicability to Proposed Project Remarks
Measure T-1.2: Pedestrian
Infrastructure Applicable
This measure requires the installation
of sidewalks along new and
reconstructed streets and sidewalks or
paths to internally link all uses and
provide connections to neighborhood
activity centers, major destinations, and
transit facilities contiguous with the
project site. The Project study area
includes existing sidewalks along Collier
Avenue, Central Avenue, and portions
of Dexter Avenue. This measure is
implemented by the Department of
Public Works and Building Department
through policy development,
development review, and conditions of
approval. The proposed Project
elements would be required to comply
with conditions of approval imposed by
the City. As such, the proposed Project
would not conflict with this measure.
Measure T-1.4: Bicycle
Infrastructure Applicable
This measure requires new
development to implement and
connect to the network of Class I, II and
III bikeways, trails and safety features
identified in the General Plan, Bike Lane
Master Plan, Trails Master Plan and
Western Riverside County Non-
Motorized Transportation plan.
Consistent with the City’s General Plan
and Specific Plan, existing Class II bike
lanes are striped on portions of Collier
Avenue within the study area.
Additionally, future Class II Bike Lanes
(on-street, signed and striped) are
proposed along Collier Avenue, 2nd
Street, and Camino Del Norte. This
measure is implemented by the
Department of Public Works,
Community Services Department, and
Building Department through policy
development, development review, and
conditions of approval. The proposed
Project elements would be required to
comply with conditions of approval
imposed by the City. As such, the
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CAP Measure Applicability to Proposed Project Remarks
proposed Project would not conflict
with this measure.
Measure T-1.5: Bicycle
Parking Standards Applicable
This measure requires the City to
enforce short-term and long-term
bicycle parking standards for new non-
residential developments. This measure
is implemented by the Department of
Public Works and Building Department
through development review and
conditions of approval. The proposed
Project elements would be required to
comply with conditions of approval
imposed by the City. As such, the
proposed Project would not conflict
with this measure.
Measure T-2.1:
Designated Parking for
Fuel Efficient Vehicles
Applicable
This measure requires new non-
residential developments to designate
10% of total parking spaces for low-
emitting, fuel-efficient vehicles. This
measure is implemented by the
Department of Planning, Public Works
and Building through development
review and conditions of approval. The
proposed Project elements would be
required to comply with conditions of
approval imposed by the City. As such,
the proposed Project would not conflict
with this measure.
Measure T-4.1: Commute
Trip Reduction Program Applicable
This measure requires the City to
institute a commute trip reduction
program for employers with fewer than
100 employees. This measure is
implemented by the Department of
Planning through amendment to the
Municipal Code. The Project would be
comprised of various project-specific
actions, some of which may be subject
to this measure. The proposed Project
elements would be required to comply
with the City’s Municipal Code. As such,
the proposed Project would not conflict
with this measure.
Measure E-1.1: Tree
Planting Requirements Applicable
This measure requires new
developments to plant at minimum one
15-gallon non-deciduous, umbrella-
form tree per 30 linear feet of
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CAP Measure Applicability to Proposed Project Remarks
boundary length near buildings. This
measure is implemented by the
Departments of Planning, Public Works,
and Parks and Recreation through City
ordinance, development review
process, and conditions of approval.
The proposed Project elements would
be required to comply with the City
ordinances and conditions of approval.
As such, the proposed Project would
not conflict with this measure.
Measure E-1.2: Cool Roof
Requirements Applicable
This measure requires new non-
residential development to use roofing
materials having solar reflectance,
thermal emittance, or Solar Reflectance
Index consistent with CALGreen Tier 1
values. This measure is implemented by
the Departments of Planning and
Building through City ordinance,
development review process, and
conditions of approval. The proposed
Project elements would be required to
comply with the City ordinances and
conditions of approval. As such, the
proposed Project would not conflict
with this measure.
Measure E-1.3: Energy
Efficient Building
Standards
Applicable
This measure requires that new
construction exceed the California
Energy Code requirements through
either the performance-based or
prescriptive approach described in the
California Green Building Code. This
measure is implemented by the
Departments of Planning, Public Works,
and Building through City ordinance,
development review process, and
conditions of approval. The proposed
Project elements would be required to
comply with the City ordinances and
conditions of approval. As such, the
proposed Project would not conflict
with this measure.
Measure E-3.2: Energy
Efficient Street and Traffic
Signal Lights
Applicable
This measure requires the City to work
with Southern California Edison to
replace existing high-pressure sodium
streetlights and traffic lights with high
efficiency alternatives, such as Low
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CAP Measure Applicability to Proposed Project Remarks
Emitting Diode (LED) lights; replace
existing City owned traffic lights with
LED lights; require any new street and
traffic lights to be LED. This measure is
currently being implemented by the
Department of Public Works through
renovation. The Planning Department
obtains compliance through Municipal
Code amendment, the development
and review process, and conditions of
approval.
This measure would apply to any traffic
lights replaced or installed as part of
the Project. The proposed Project
elements would be required to comply
with the municipal code and conditions
of approval. As such, the proposed
Project would not conflict with this
measure.
Measure E-4.1:
Landscaping Ordinance Applicable
This measure requires the City to
enforce the City’s AB 1881 Landscaping
Ordinance, which requires that
landscaping be water efficient, thereby
consuming less energy and reducing
emissions. This measure is
implemented by the Departments of
Building and Planning through City
ordinance, development and review
process, and conditions of approval.
The proposed Project elements would
be required to comply with these
landscape requirements. As such, the
proposed Project would not conflict
with this measure.
Measure E-4.2: Indoor
Water Conservation
Requirements
Applicable
This measure requires that
development projects reduce indoor
water consumption. This measure is
implemented by the Departments of
Building and Planning through
amendments to the Municipal Code
and conditions of approval. The
proposed Project elements would be
required to comply with the City’s
Municipal Code and conditions of
approval. As such, the proposed Project
would not conflict with this measure.
The proposed Project was analyzed
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CAP Measure Applicability to Proposed Project Remarks
with this measure, and no conflicts
were identified.
Measure E-5.1: Renewable
Energy Incentives Applicable
This measure facilitates the voluntary
installation of small-scale renewable
energy systems, such as solar
photovoltaic and solar hot water
systems, by connecting residents and
businesses with technical and financial
assistance through the City website.
This measure is implemented by the
Departments of Building and Planning
through outreach and incentive
programs. No elements of the proposed
Project would conflict with this
measure.
Measure S-1.4:
Construction and
Demolition Waste
Diversion
Applicable
This measure requires development
projects to divert, recycle or salvage
nonhazardous construction and
demolition debris generated at the site,
and requires all construction and
demolition projects to be accompanied
by a waste management plan for the
project. This measure is implemented
by the Departments of Planning and
Building through City contracts,
Municipal Code amendments,
development and review process, and
conditions of approval. The proposed
Project project-specific elements would
be required to comply with the City’s
Municipal Code and conditions of
approval. As such, the proposed Project
would not conflict with this measure.
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4 REFERENCES
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15597-03 GHG Report
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28. California Air Resources Board. 2023 GHG Inventory. California Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory
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30. California Energy Commission. Our Changing Climate Assessing the Risks to California. 2006.
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32. Agency, United States Environmental Protection. Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings
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or-contribute-findings-greenhouse-gases-under-section-202a.
33. Federal Register. Mid-Term Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards for Model Year 2022-
2025 Light-Duty Vehicles. [Online] 2018.
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greenhouse-gas-emissions-standards-for-model-year-2022-2025-light-duty.
34. Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety. SAFE: The Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient 'SAFE'
Vehicle Rule. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. [Online] 2020.
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35. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Corporate Average Fuel Economy. [Online]
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36. United States Department of Transportation. Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards for Model
Years 2024-2026 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks. [Online]
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https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/2022-04/Final-Rule-Preamble_CAFE-MY-2024-
2026.pdf.
37. United States Environmental Protection Agency. SmartWay. [Online] 2017.
https://www.epa.gov/smartway/learn-about-smartway.
38. California Air Resources Board. California's 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan . [Online] 2017.
https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017_es.pdf.
39. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. California's Policies Can Significantly Cut Greenhouse Gas
Emissions through 2030. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. [Online] January 22, 2015.
http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/01/22/californias-policies-can-significantly-cut-greenhouse-gas-
emissions-2030/.
40. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Modeling California policy impacts on
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41. California Air Resources Board. Legal Disclaimer & User's Notice. [Online] April 2019.
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42. —. Climate Change Scoping Plan. [Online] 2014.
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43. —. 2022 Scoping Plan for Achieving Carbon Neutrality.
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45. California Energy Commission. Energy Commission Adopts Updated Building Standards to Improve
Efficiency, Reduce Emissions from Homes and Businesses. [Online] August 11, 2021.
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improve-efficiency-reduce-0.
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https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/CAGBC2022P1.
47. California Natural Resources Agency. 2023 California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Statute and
Guidelines. s.l. : Association of Environmental Professionals, 2023.
48. City of Lake Elsinore. Climate Action Plan. s.l. : Rincon Consultants, Inc., 2011.
49. State of California. 2024 CEQA California Environmental Quality Act. 2024.
50. South Coast Air Quality Management District. Interim CEQA GHG Significance Threshold for
Stationary Sources, Rules and Plans. [Online] http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-
source/ceqa/handbook/greenhouse-gases-(ghg)-ceqa-significance-
thresholds/ghgboardsynopsis.pdf?sfvrsn=2.
51. —. Interim CEQA GHG Significance Threshold for Stationary Sources, Rules and Plans. [Online]
http://www.aqmd.gov/hb/2008/December/081231a.htm.
52. ICF. California Emissions Estimator Model (CalEEMod). California Air Pollution Control Officers
Association. [Online] August 2023. www.caleemod.com.
53. California Natural Resources Agency. Final Statement of Reasons for Regulatory Action, Amendments
to the State CEQA Guidelines Addressing Analysis and Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Pursuant to SB97. [Online] December 2009.
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54. South Coast Air Quality Management District. Minutes for the GHG CEQA Significance Threshold
Stakeholder Working Group #15. 2008.
55. Urban Crossroads, Inc. Elsinore Heights Air Quality Impact Analysis. 2024.
56. California Natural Resources Agency. 2023 California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Statute and
Guidelines. s.l. : Association of Environmental Professionals , 2023.
57. South Coast Air Quality Management District. Greenhouse Gas CEQA Significance Threshold
Stakeholder Working Group #13. [Powerpoint] Diamond Bar : s.n., 2009.
58. Urban Crossroads, Inc. Elsinore Heights Traffic Impact Analysis . 2024.
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5 CERTIFICATIONS
The contents of this GHG study report represent an accurate depiction of the GHG impacts
associated with the proposed Elsinore Heights Project. The information contained in this GHG
report is based on the best available data at the time of preparation. If you have any questions,
please contact me directly at
Haseeb Qureshi
Principal
URBAN CROSSROADS, INC.
EDUCATION
Master of Science in Environmental Studies
California State University, Fullerton • May 2010
Bachelor of Arts in Environmental Analysis and Design
University of California, Irvine • June 2006
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS
AEP – Association of Environmental Professionals
AWMA – Air and Waste Management Association
ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials
PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS
Planned Communities and Urban Infill – Urban Land Institute • June 2011
Indoor Air Quality and Industrial Hygiene – EMSL Analytical • April 2008
Principles of Ambient Air Monitoring – California Air Resources Board • August 2007
AB2588 Regulatory Standards – Trinity Consultants • November 2006
Air Dispersion Modeling – Lakes Environmental • June 2006
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APPENDIX 3.1:
CALEEMOD CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS MODEL OUTPUTS
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15597 - Elsinore Heights (Phase 1 Construction) Detailed Report
Table of Contents
1. Basic Project Information
1.1. Basic Project Information
1.2. Land Use Types
1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector
2. Emissions Summary
2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
2.2. Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated
3. Construction Emissions Details
3.1. Demolition (2025) - Unmitigated
3.3. Site Preparation (2025) - Unmitigated
3.5. Grading (2025) - Unmitigated
3.7. Building Construction (2025) - Unmitigated
3.9. Building Construction (2026) - Unmitigated
3.11. Paving (2025) - Unmitigated
3.13. Paving (2026) - Unmitigated
15597 - Elsinore Heights (Phase 1 Construction) Detailed Report, 7/24/2024
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3.15. Architectural Coating (2025) - Unmitigated
3.17. Architectural Coating (2026) - Unmitigated
3.19. Linear, Grubbing & Land Clearing (2025) - Unmitigated
3.21. Linear, Grading & Excavation (2025) - Unmitigated
3.23. Linear, Drainage, Utilities, & Sub-Grade (2025) - Unmitigated
3.25. Linear, Paving (2025) - Unmitigated
4. Operations Emissions Details
4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type
4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated
4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated
4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated
5. Activity Data
5.1. Construction Schedule
5.2. Off-Road Equipment
5.2.1. Unmitigated
5.3. Construction Vehicles
5.3.1. Unmitigated
5.4. Vehicles
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5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies
5.5. Architectural Coatings
5.6. Dust Mitigation
5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities
5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies
5.7. Construction Paving
5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors
5.18. Vegetation
5.18.1. Land Use Change
5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type
5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
5.18.2. Sequestration
5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
6. Climate Risk Detailed Report
6.1. Climate Risk Summary
6.2. Initial Climate Risk Scores
6.3. Adjusted Climate Risk Scores
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6.4. Climate Risk Reduction Measures
7. Health and Equity Details
7.1. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Scores
7.2. Healthy Places Index Scores
7.3. Overall Health & Equity Scores
7.4. Health & Equity Measures
7.5. Evaluation Scorecard
7.6. Health & Equity Custom Measures
8. User Changes to Default Data
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1. Basic Project Information
1.1. Basic Project Information
Data Field Value
Project Name 15597 - Elsinore Heights (Phase 1 Construction)
Construction Start Date 1/1/2025
Lead Agency —
Land Use Scale Project/site
Analysis Level for Defaults County
Windspeed (m/s)2.50
Precipitation (days)9.20
Location 33.684597659401575, -117.32704805693979
County Riverside-South Coast
City Lake Elsinore
Air District South Coast AQMD
Air Basin South Coast
TAZ 5510
EDFZ 11
Electric Utility Southern California Edison
Gas Utility Southern California Gas
App Version 2022.1.1.26
1.2. Land Use Types
Land Use Subtype Size Unit Lot Acreage Building Area (sq ft)Landscape Area (sq
ft)
Special Landscape
Area (sq ft)
Population Description
Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
248 1000sqft 5.69 247,980 511,988 ——High-Cube
Fulfillment
(Non-Sort) Center
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Parking Lot 437 Space 3.93 0.00 0.00 ———
Other Asphalt
Surfaces
12.0 Acre 12.0 0.00 0.00 ———
Road Construction 0.38 Mile 1.38 0.00 0.00 ———
1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector
No measures selected
2. Emissions Summary
2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Un/Mit.TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Unmit.0.95 0.83 11.0 24.1 0.03 0.11 1.64 1.75 0.10 0.40 0.50 —5,108 5,108 0.19 0.23 8.26 5,188
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Unmit.56.8 56.7 37.9 91.6 0.13 0.92 6.70 6.93 0.76 2.86 3.09 —13,538 13,538 0.55 0.26 0.26 13,595
Average
Daily
(Max)
——————————————————
Unmit.5.58 5.52 11.0 23.2 0.03 0.13 1.42 1.56 0.12 0.39 0.52 —4,391 4,391 0.17 0.15 2.25 4,441
Annual
(Max)
——————————————————
Unmit.1.02 1.01 2.02 4.24 0.01 0.02 0.26 0.28 0.02 0.07 0.09 —727 727 0.03 0.02 0.37 735
2.2. Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
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Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily -
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
2025 0.95 0.83 11.0 24.1 0.03 0.11 1.64 1.75 0.10 0.40 0.50 —5,108 5,108 0.19 0.23 8.26 5,188
Daily -
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
2025 56.8 56.7 37.9 91.6 0.13 0.92 6.70 6.93 0.76 2.86 3.09 —13,538 13,538 0.55 0.26 0.26 13,595
2026 56.8 56.7 19.8 35.5 0.05 0.23 2.11 2.34 0.22 0.51 0.73 —7,088 7,088 0.23 0.26 0.24 7,170
Average
Daily
——————————————————
2025 5.58 5.52 11.0 23.2 0.03 0.13 1.42 1.56 0.12 0.39 0.52 —4,391 4,391 0.17 0.15 2.25 4,441
2026 0.22 0.22 0.08 0.14 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —27.8 27.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 28.2
Annual ——————————————————
2025 1.02 1.01 2.02 4.24 0.01 0.02 0.26 0.28 0.02 0.07 0.09 —727 727 0.03 0.02 0.37 735
2026 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —4.61 4.61 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 4.66
3. Construction Emissions Details
3.1. Demolition (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
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3,515—0.030.143,5033,503—0.63—0.630.79—0.790.0366.312.834.334.5Off-Roa
d
Equipm
Demoliti
on
——————0.16 0.16 —0.02 0.02 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
1.51 1.50 0.56 2.91 < 0.005 0.03 —0.03 0.03 —0.03 —154 154 0.01 < 0.005 —154
Demoliti
on
——————0.01 0.01 —< 0.005 < 0.005 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.28 0.27 0.10 0.53 < 0.005 0.01 —0.01 0.01 —0.01 —25.4 25.4 < 0.005 < 0.005 —25.5
Demoliti
on
——————< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.08 0.07 0.08 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.23 0.00 0.05 0.05 —227 227 0.01 0.01 0.02 230
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.07 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 —61.2 61.2 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 64.0
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Hauling 0.01 < 0.005 0.15 0.04 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.04 0.04 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 —134 134 < 0.005 0.02 0.01 140
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —10.1 10.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 10.2
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —2.68 2.68 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 2.81
Hauling < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —5.85 5.85 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 6.14
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.67 1.67 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.69
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.44 0.44 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.47
Hauling < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.97 0.97 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.02
3.3. Site Preparation (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.68 0.68 15.7 30.0 0.05 0.10 —0.10 0.10 —0.10 —5,528 5,528 0.22 0.04 —5,547
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————5.66 5.66 —2.69 2.69 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
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Off-Roa
Equipment
0.02 0.02 0.43 0.82 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —151 151 0.01 < 0.005 —152
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.16 0.16 —0.07 0.07 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.08 0.15 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —25.1 25.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 —25.2
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.03 0.03 —0.01 0.01 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.08 0.07 0.08 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.23 0.00 0.05 0.05 —227 227 0.01 0.01 0.02 230
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.07 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 —61.2 61.2 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 64.0
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —6.29 6.29 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 6.38
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.68 1.68 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.76
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
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Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.04 1.04 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.06
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.28 0.28 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.29
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.5. Grading (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
1.11 1.11 26.5 49.1 0.09 0.23 —0.23 0.23 —0.23 —9,323 9,323 0.38 0.08 —9,355
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————2.67 2.67 —0.98 0.98 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.07 0.07 1.67 3.09 0.01 0.01 —0.01 0.01 —0.01 —587 587 0.02 < 0.005 —589
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.17 0.17 —0.06 0.06 ———————
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0.000.000.000.000.000.00—0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00Onsite
truck
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.01 0.01 0.31 0.56 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —97.3 97.3 < 0.005 < 0.005 —97.6
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.03 0.03 —0.01 0.01 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.12 0.11 0.12 1.46 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.33 0.00 0.08 0.08 —324 324 0.02 0.01 0.03 328
Vendor 0.01 < 0.005 0.14 0.04 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.04 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 —122 122 < 0.005 0.02 0.01 128
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —20.7 20.7 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.04 21.0
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —7.71 7.71 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 8.08
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —3.42 3.42 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 3.47
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.28 1.28 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.34
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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3.7. Building Construction (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.35 0.35 9.48 15.7 0.03 0.09 —0.09 0.09 —0.09 —2,630 2,630 0.11 0.02 —2,639
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.35 0.35 9.48 15.7 0.03 0.09 —0.09 0.09 —0.09 —2,630 2,630 0.11 0.02 —2,639
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.20 0.20 5.49 9.08 0.01 0.05 —0.05 0.05 —0.05 —1,524 1,524 0.06 0.01 —1,529
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.04 0.04 1.00 1.66 < 0.005 0.01 —0.01 0.01 —0.01 —252 252 0.01 < 0.005 —253
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Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.56 0.47 0.46 8.04 0.00 0.00 1.36 1.36 0.00 0.32 0.32 —1,468 1,468 0.06 0.05 5.39 1,490
Vendor 0.05 0.02 1.11 0.34 0.01 0.01 0.28 0.30 0.01 0.08 0.09 —1,010 1,010 0.02 0.15 2.87 1,059
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.49 0.44 0.50 6.08 0.00 0.00 1.36 1.36 0.00 0.32 0.32 —1,349 1,349 0.06 0.05 0.14 1,367
Vendor 0.04 0.02 1.16 0.35 0.01 0.01 0.28 0.30 0.01 0.08 0.09 —1,010 1,010 0.02 0.15 0.07 1,057
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker 0.28 0.25 0.32 3.72 0.00 0.00 0.78 0.78 0.00 0.18 0.18 —792 792 0.04 0.03 1.35 803
Vendor 0.03 0.01 0.67 0.20 < 0.005 0.01 0.16 0.17 0.01 0.04 0.05 —585 585 0.01 0.09 0.72 613
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.03 0.03 —131 131 0.01 < 0.005 0.22 133
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.12 0.04 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 —96.9 96.9 < 0.005 0.01 0.12 101
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.9. Building Construction (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
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——————————————————Daily,
Summer
(Max)
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.35 0.35 9.48 15.7 0.03 0.09 —0.09 0.09 —0.09 —2,630 2,630 0.11 0.02 —2,639
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.04 0.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —10.3 10.3 < 0.005 < 0.005 —10.3
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —1.70 1.70 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.71
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.47 0.42 0.46 5.67 0.00 0.00 1.36 1.36 0.00 0.32 0.32 —1,321 1,321 0.02 0.05 0.13 1,337
Vendor 0.04 0.02 1.11 0.34 0.01 0.01 0.28 0.30 0.01 0.08 0.09 —994 994 0.02 0.15 0.07 1,040
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Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —5.23 5.23 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 5.31
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —3.89 3.89 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 4.07
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.87 0.87 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.88
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.64 0.64 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.67
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.11. Paving (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.23 0.23 7.21 10.6 0.01 0.09 —0.09 0.08 —0.08 —1,511 1,511 0.06 0.01 —1,517
Paving 1.81 1.81 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
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92.0—< 0.005< 0.00591.791.7—< 0.005—< 0.0050.01—0.01< 0.0050.640.440.010.01Off-Roa
d
Equipm
Paving 0.11 0.11 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.08 0.12 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —15.2 15.2 < 0.005 < 0.005 —15.2
Paving 0.02 0.02 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.05 —194 194 0.01 0.01 0.02 197
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —11.9 11.9 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 12.1
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.98 1.98 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 2.00
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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3.13. Paving (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.23 0.23 7.21 10.6 0.01 0.09 —0.09 0.08 —0.08 —1,511 1,511 0.06 0.01 —1,516
Paving 1.81 1.81 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.04 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —5.91 5.91 < 0.005 < 0.005 —5.93
Paving 0.01 0.01 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —0.98 0.98 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.98
Paving < 0.005 < 0.005 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.05 —190 190 < 0.005 0.01 0.02 193
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.75 0.75 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.76
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.12 0.12 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.13
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.15. Architectural Coating (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
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179—< 0.0050.01178178—0.04—0.040.04—0.04< 0.0051.281.430.030.03Off-Roa
d
Equipm
Architect
ural
Coating
s
53.7 53.7 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.09 0.08 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —10.8 10.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 —10.8
Architect
ural
Coating
s
3.26 3.26 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —1.79 1.79 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.79
Architect
ural
Coating
s
0.59 0.59 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
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——————————————————Daily,
Winter
(Max)
Worker 0.10 0.09 0.10 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.27 0.00 0.06 0.06 —270 270 0.01 0.01 0.03 273
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —16.6 16.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 16.8
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —2.75 2.75 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 2.78
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.17. Architectural Coating (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.03 0.03 1.43 1.28 < 0.005 0.04 —0.04 0.04 —0.04 —178 178 0.01 < 0.005 —179
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————————————————53.753.7Architect
ural
Coating
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —0.70 0.70 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.70
Architect
ural
Coating
s
0.21 0.21 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —0.12 0.12 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.12
Architect
ural
Coating
s
0.04 0.04 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.09 0.08 0.09 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.27 0.00 0.06 0.06 —264 264 < 0.005 0.01 0.03 267
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.05 1.05 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.06
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.17 0.17 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.18
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.19. Linear, Grubbing & Land Clearing (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.07 0.07 2.52 3.43 < 0.005 0.04 —0.04 0.04 —0.04 —490 490 0.02 < 0.005 —492
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.14 0.14 —0.01 0.01 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
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Off-Roa
Equipment
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.04 0.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —8.06 8.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 —8.09
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —1.33 1.33 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.34
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.02 0.02 —64.8 64.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 65.6
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.08 1.08 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.09
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
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Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.18 0.18 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.18
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.21. Linear, Grading & Excavation (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.52 0.52 13.8 23.2 0.04 0.13 —0.13 0.13 —0.13 —3,886 3,886 0.16 0.03 —3,899
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.55 0.55 —0.06 0.06 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.03 0.03 0.68 1.15 < 0.005 0.01 —0.01 0.01 —0.01 —192 192 0.01 < 0.005 —192
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.03 0.03 —< 0.005 < 0.005 ———————
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0.000.000.000.000.000.00—0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00Onsite
truck
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.12 0.21 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —31.7 31.7 < 0.005 < 0.005 —31.8
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.08 0.07 0.08 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.23 0.00 0.05 0.05 —227 227 0.01 0.01 0.02 230
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.04 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —30.6 30.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 32.0
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —11.3 11.3 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 11.5
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.51 1.51 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.58
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.87 1.87 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.90
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.25 0.25 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.26
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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3.23. Linear, Drainage, Utilities, & Sub-Grade (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.43 0.43 11.0 19.1 0.03 0.10 —0.10 0.10 —0.10 —3,509 3,509 0.14 0.03 —3,521
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.41 0.41 —0.04 0.04 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.02 0.02 0.51 0.89 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —163 163 0.01 < 0.005 —164
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.02 0.02 —< 0.005 < 0.005 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
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27.2—< 0.005< 0.00527.127.1—< 0.005—< 0.005< 0.005—< 0.005< 0.0050.160.09< 0.005< 0.005Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.09 0.08 0.10 1.17 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.26 0.00 0.06 0.06 —259 259 0.01 0.01 0.03 262
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —12.2 12.2 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 12.4
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —2.02 2.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 2.05
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.25. Linear, Paving (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
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Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.16 0.16 4.78 7.33 0.01 0.05 —0.05 0.05 —0.05 —1,046 1,046 0.04 0.01 —1,050
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.09 0.14 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —20.1 20.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 —20.1
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —3.32 3.32 < 0.005 < 0.005 —3.33
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
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Worker 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.13 0.00 0.03 0.03 —130 130 0.01 < 0.005 0.01 131
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —2.52 2.52 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 2.55
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.42 0.42 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.42
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4. Operations Emissions Details
4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type
4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Vegetati
on
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Annual ——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
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4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Annual ——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Species TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Avoided ——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Remove
d
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
———————————————————
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——————————————————Daily,
Winter
(Max)
Avoided ——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Remove
d
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
———————————————————
Annual ——————————————————
Avoided ——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Remove
d
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
———————————————————
5. Activity Data
5.1. Construction Schedule
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Days Per Week Work Days per Phase Phase Description
Demolition Demolition 1/1/2025 1/22/2025 5.00 16.0 —
Site Preparation Site Preparation 1/23/2025 2/5/2025 5.00 10.0 —
Grading Grading 2/6/2025 3/10/2025 5.00 23.0 —
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Building Construction Building Construction 3/11/2025 1/2/2026 5.00 214 —
Paving Paving 12/1/2025 1/2/2026 5.00 25.0 —
Architectural Coating Architectural Coating 12/1/2025 1/2/2026 5.00 25.0 —
Linear, Grubbing & Land
Clearing
Linear, Grubbing & Land
Clearing
1/1/2025 1/8/2025 5.00 6.00 —
Linear, Grading &
Excavation
Linear, Grading &
Excavation
1/9/2025 2/3/2025 5.00 18.0 —
Linear, Drainage, Utilities,
& Sub-Grade
Linear, Drainage, Utilities,
& Sub-Grade
2/4/2025 2/26/2025 5.00 17.0 —
Linear, Paving Linear, Paving 2/27/2025 3/7/2025 5.00 7.00 —
5.2. Off-Road Equipment
5.2.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor
Demolition Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 367 0.40
Demolition Excavators Diesel Tier 4 Interim 3.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Demolition Concrete/Industrial
Saws
Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 33.0 0.73
Demolition Crushing/Proc.
Equipment
Gasoline Average 1.00 8.00 12.0 0.85
Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 3.00 8.00 367 0.40
Site Preparation Crawler Tractors Diesel Tier 4 Interim 4.00 8.00 87.0 0.43
Grading Crawler Tractors Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 87.0 0.43
Grading Excavators Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Grading Graders Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 148 0.41
Grading Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 367 0.40
Grading Scrapers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 423 0.48
Grading Bore/Drill Rigs Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 83.0 0.50
Grading Generator Sets Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 300 0.74
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Building Construction Forklifts Diesel Tier 4 Interim 3.00 8.00 82.0 0.20
Building Construction Generator Sets Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 14.0 0.74
Building Construction Cranes Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 367 0.29
Building Construction Welders Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 46.0 0.45
Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Tier 4 Interim 3.00 8.00 84.0 0.37
Paving Pavers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 81.0 0.42
Paving Paving Equipment Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 89.0 0.36
Paving Rollers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Architectural Coating Air Compressors Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 37.0 0.48
Linear, Grubbing &
Land Clearing
Signal Boards Electric Average 0.00 8.00 6.00 0.82
Linear, Grubbing &
Land Clearing
Crawler Tractors Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 87.0 0.43
Linear, Grubbing &
Land Clearing
Excavators Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Linear, Grading &
Excavation
Excavators Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Linear, Grading &
Excavation
Crawler Tractors Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 87.0 0.43
Linear, Grading &
Excavation
Graders Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 148 0.41
Linear, Grading &
Excavation
Rollers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Linear, Grading &
Excavation
Signal Boards Electric Average 0.00 8.00 6.00 0.82
Linear, Grading &
Excavation
Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 84.0 0.37
Linear, Grading &
Excavation
Rubber Tired Loaders Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 150 0.36
Linear, Grading &
Excavation
Scrapers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 423 0.48
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0.484238.001.00Tier 4 InterimDieselScrapersLinear, Drainage,
Utilities, & Sub-Grade
Linear, Drainage,
Utilities, & Sub-Grade
Rough Terrain Forklifts Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 96.0 0.40
Linear, Drainage,
Utilities, & Sub-Grade
Signal Boards Electric Average 0.00 8.00 6.00 0.82
Linear, Drainage,
Utilities, & Sub-Grade
Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 84.0 0.37
Linear, Drainage,
Utilities, & Sub-Grade
Graders Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 148 0.41
Linear, Drainage,
Utilities, & Sub-Grade
Plate Compactors Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 8.00 0.43
Linear, Drainage,
Utilities, & Sub-Grade
Pumps Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 11.0 0.74
Linear, Drainage,
Utilities, & Sub-Grade
Air Compressors Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 37.0 0.48
Linear, Drainage,
Utilities, & Sub-Grade
Generator Sets Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 14.0 0.74
Linear, Paving Rollers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Linear, Paving Paving Equipment Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 89.0 0.36
Linear, Paving Pavers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 81.0 0.42
Linear, Paving Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 84.0 0.37
Linear, Paving Signal Boards Electric Average 0.00 8.00 6.00 0.82
5.3. Construction Vehicles
5.3.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix
Demolition ————
Demolition Worker 17.5 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Demolition Vendor 2.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
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Demolition Hauling 1.94 20.0 HHDT
Demolition Onsite truck ——HHDT
Site Preparation ————
Site Preparation Worker 17.5 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Site Preparation Vendor 2.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Site Preparation Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Site Preparation Onsite truck ——HHDT
Grading ————
Grading Worker 25.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Grading Vendor 4.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Grading Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Grading Onsite truck ——HHDT
Building Construction ————
Building Construction Worker 104 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Building Construction Vendor 33.0 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Building Construction Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Building Construction Onsite truck ——HHDT
Paving ————
Paving Worker 15.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Paving Vendor —10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Paving Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Paving Onsite truck ——HHDT
Architectural Coating ————
Architectural Coating Worker 20.8 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Architectural Coating Vendor —10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Architectural Coating Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Architectural Coating Onsite truck ——HHDT
Linear, Grubbing & Land Clearing ————
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Linear, Grubbing & Land Clearing Worker 5.00 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Linear, Grubbing & Land Clearing Vendor 0.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Linear, Grubbing & Land Clearing Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Linear, Grubbing & Land Clearing Onsite truck ——HHDT
Linear, Grading & Excavation ————
Linear, Grading & Excavation Worker 17.5 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Linear, Grading & Excavation Vendor 1.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Linear, Grading & Excavation Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Linear, Grading & Excavation Onsite truck ——HHDT
Linear, Drainage, Utilities, &
Sub-Grade
————
Linear, Drainage, Utilities, &
Sub-Grade
Worker 20.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Linear, Drainage, Utilities, &
Sub-Grade
Vendor 0.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Linear, Drainage, Utilities, &
Sub-Grade
Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Linear, Drainage, Utilities, &
Sub-Grade
Onsite truck ——HHDT
Linear, Paving ————
Linear, Paving Worker 10.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Linear, Paving Vendor 0.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Linear, Paving Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Linear, Paving Onsite truck ——HHDT
5.4. Vehicles
5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.
5.5. Architectural Coatings
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Phase Name Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
Architectural Coating 0.00 0.00 371,970 123,990 41,590
5.6. Dust Mitigation
5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities
Phase Name Material Imported (cy)Material Exported (cy)Acres Graded (acres)Material Demolished (Building
Square Footage)
Acres Paved (acres)
Demolition 0.00 0.00 0.00 2,650 —
Site Preparation ——35.0 0.00 —
Grading ——92.0 0.00 —
Paving 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.3
Linear, Grubbing & Land
Clearing
——1.38 0.00 —
Linear, Grading & Excavation ——1.38 0.00 —
Linear, Drainage, Utilities, &
Sub-Grade
——1.38 0.00 —
5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies
Control Strategies Applied Frequency (per day)PM10 Reduction PM2.5 Reduction
Water Exposed Area 3 74%74%
5.7. Construction Paving
Land Use Area Paved (acres)% Asphalt
Unrefrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 0.00 0%
Parking Lot 3.93 100%
Other Asphalt Surfaces 12.0 100%
Road Construction 1.38 100%
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5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors
kWh per Year and Emission Factor (lb/MWh)
Year kWh per Year CO2 CH4 N2O
2025 0.00 532 0.03 < 0.005
2026 0.00 532 0.03 < 0.005
5.18. Vegetation
5.18.1. Land Use Change
5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Vegetation Land Use Type Vegetation Soil Type Initial Acres Final Acres
5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type
5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Biomass Cover Type Initial Acres Final Acres
5.18.2. Sequestration
5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
Tree Type Number Electricity Saved (kWh/year)Natural Gas Saved (btu/year)
6. Climate Risk Detailed Report
6.1. Climate Risk Summary
Cal-Adapt midcentury 2040–2059 average projections for four hazards are reported below for your project location. These are under Representation Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 which
assumes GHG emissions will continue to rise strongly through 2050 and then plateau around 2100.
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Climate Hazard Result for Project Location Unit
Temperature and Extreme Heat 27.9 annual days of extreme heat
Extreme Precipitation 4.25 annual days with precipitation above 20 mm
Sea Level Rise —meters of inundation depth
Wildfire 16.6 annual hectares burned
Temperature and Extreme Heat data are for grid cell in which your project are located. The projection is based on the 98th historical percentile of daily maximum/minimum temperatures from
observed historical data (32 climate model ensemble from Cal-Adapt, 2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5). Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.
Extreme Precipitation data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The threshold of 20 mm is equivalent to about ¾ an inch of rain, which would be light to moderate rainfall if
received over a full day or heavy rain if received over a period of 2 to 4 hours. Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.
Sea Level Rise data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The projections are from Radke et al. (2017), as reported in Cal-Adapt (Radke et al., 2017, CEC-500-2017-008), and
consider inundation location and depth for the San Francisco Bay, the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and California coast resulting different increments of sea level rise coupled with
extreme storm events. Users may select from four scenarios to view the range in potential inundation depth for the grid cell. The four scenarios are: No rise, 0.5 meter, 1.0 meter, 1.41 meters
Wildfire data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The projections are from UC Davis, as reported in Cal-Adapt (2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5), and consider historical data
of climate, vegetation, population density, and large (> 400 ha) fire history. Users may select from four model simulations to view the range in potential wildfire probabilities for the grid cell. The
four simulations make different assumptions about expected rainfall and temperature are: Warmer/drier (HadGEM2-ES), Cooler/wetter (CNRM-CM5), Average conditions (CanESM2), Range of
different rainfall and temperature possibilities (MIROC5). Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.
6.2. Initial Climate Risk Scores
Climate Hazard Exposure Score Sensitivity Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score
Temperature and Extreme Heat 3 0 0 N/A
Extreme Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sea Level Rise 1 0 0 N/A
Wildfire 1 0 0 N/A
Flooding N/A N/A N/A N/A
Drought N/A N/A N/A N/A
Snowpack Reduction N/A N/A N/A N/A
Air Quality Degradation 0 0 0 N/A
The sensitivity score reflects the extent to which a project would be adversely affected by exposure to a climate hazard. Exposure is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the
greatest exposure.
The adaptive capacity of a project refers to its ability to manage and reduce vulnerabilities from projected climate hazards. Adaptive capacity is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5
representing the greatest ability to adapt.
The overall vulnerability scores are calculated based on the potential impacts and adaptive capacity assessments for each hazard. Scores do not include implementation of climate risk reduction
measures.
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6.3. Adjusted Climate Risk Scores
Climate Hazard Exposure Score Sensitivity Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score
Temperature and Extreme Heat 3 1 1 3
Extreme Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sea Level Rise 1 1 1 2
Wildfire 1 1 1 2
Flooding N/A N/A N/A N/A
Drought N/A N/A N/A N/A
Snowpack Reduction N/A N/A N/A N/A
Air Quality Degradation 1 1 1 2
The sensitivity score reflects the extent to which a project would be adversely affected by exposure to a climate hazard. Exposure is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the
greatest exposure.
The adaptive capacity of a project refers to its ability to manage and reduce vulnerabilities from projected climate hazards. Adaptive capacity is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5
representing the greatest ability to adapt.
The overall vulnerability scores are calculated based on the potential impacts and adaptive capacity assessments for each hazard. Scores include implementation of climate risk reduction
measures.
6.4. Climate Risk Reduction Measures
7. Health and Equity Details
7.1. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Scores
The maximum CalEnviroScreen score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects a higher pollution burden compared to other census tracts in the state.
Indicator Result for Project Census Tract
Exposure Indicators —
AQ-Ozone 84.6
AQ-PM 52.0
AQ-DPM 20.1
Drinking Water 68.8
Lead Risk Housing 14.3
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Pesticides 0.00
Toxic Releases 23.0
Traffic 83.0
Effect Indicators —
CleanUp Sites 7.71
Groundwater 37.6
Haz Waste Facilities/Generators 80.5
Impaired Water Bodies 51.2
Solid Waste 75.7
Sensitive Population —
Asthma 33.4
Cardio-vascular 84.0
Low Birth Weights 41.1
Socioeconomic Factor Indicators —
Education 50.2
Housing 30.6
Linguistic 11.3
Poverty 48.0
Unemployment 29.4
7.2. Healthy Places Index Scores
The maximum Health Places Index score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects healthier community conditions compared to other census tracts in the state.
Indicator Result for Project Census Tract
Economic —
Above Poverty 69.31861927
Employed 35.14692673
Median HI 73.06557167
Education —
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Bachelor's or higher 47.15770563
High school enrollment 100
Preschool enrollment 48.45374054
Transportation —
Auto Access 91.71050943
Active commuting 4.978827153
Social —
2-parent households 67.84293597
Voting 41.5629411
Neighborhood —
Alcohol availability 88.05338124
Park access 24.81714359
Retail density 13.47363018
Supermarket access 19.72282818
Tree canopy 8.623123316
Housing —
Homeownership 67.77877582
Housing habitability 89.11843963
Low-inc homeowner severe housing cost burden 58.12909021
Low-inc renter severe housing cost burden 93.91761838
Uncrowded housing 56.87155139
Health Outcomes —
Insured adults 79.94353907
Arthritis 0.0
Asthma ER Admissions 79.1
High Blood Pressure 0.0
Cancer (excluding skin)0.0
Asthma 0.0
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Coronary Heart Disease 0.0
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 0.0
Diagnosed Diabetes 0.0
Life Expectancy at Birth 47.6
Cognitively Disabled 95.5
Physically Disabled 83.0
Heart Attack ER Admissions 38.9
Mental Health Not Good 0.0
Chronic Kidney Disease 0.0
Obesity 0.0
Pedestrian Injuries 44.8
Physical Health Not Good 0.0
Stroke 0.0
Health Risk Behaviors —
Binge Drinking 0.0
Current Smoker 0.0
No Leisure Time for Physical Activity 0.0
Climate Change Exposures —
Wildfire Risk 51.5
SLR Inundation Area 0.0
Children 43.1
Elderly 64.7
English Speaking 73.3
Foreign-born 47.1
Outdoor Workers 45.6
Climate Change Adaptive Capacity —
Impervious Surface Cover 68.2
Traffic Density 78.6
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Traffic Access 23.0
Other Indices —
Hardship 46.7
Other Decision Support —
2016 Voting 53.5
7.3. Overall Health & Equity Scores
Metric Result for Project Census Tract
CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Score for Project Location (a)49.0
Healthy Places Index Score for Project Location (b)59.0
Project Located in a Designated Disadvantaged Community (Senate Bill 535)No
Project Located in a Low-Income Community (Assembly Bill 1550)No
Project Located in a Community Air Protection Program Community (Assembly Bill 617)No
a: The maximum CalEnviroScreen score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects a higher pollution burden compared to other census tracts in the state.
b: The maximum Health Places Index score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects healthier community conditions compared to other census tracts in the state.
7.4. Health & Equity Measures
No Health & Equity Measures selected.
7.5. Evaluation Scorecard
Health & Equity Evaluation Scorecard not completed.
7.6. Health & Equity Custom Measures
No Health & Equity Custom Measures created.
8. User Changes to Default Data
Screen Justification
Construction: Construction Phases Schedule based on Q1 2025 start date and 2026 OY.
no schedule provided for off-site construction as such it was conservatively assumed off-site
construction would occur for 49 days which is the total duration of demolition, site prep and
grading
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Construction: Off-Road Equipment T/L/B replaced with Crawler Tractor to accurately calculate disturbance for Site Preparation and
Grading phases. Standard 8 hours work days.
Crushing + Blasting equipment included.
In accordance with the City of Lake Elsinore Good Neighbor Policy for Logistics and
Warehouse/Distribution uses, it was assumed that all construction equipment would meet at
least CARB Tier 4 Interim emissions standards
Construction: Trips and VMT Vendor Trips adjusted based on CalEEMod defaults for Building Construction and number of
days for Demolition, Site Preparation, Grading, and Building Construction
Construction: Architectural Coatings SCAQMD Rule 1113
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15597 - Elsinore Heights (Project Buildout Construction) Detailed Report
Table of Contents
1. Basic Project Information
1.1. Basic Project Information
1.2. Land Use Types
1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector
2. Emissions Summary
2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
2.2. Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated
3. Construction Emissions Details
3.1. Demolition (2026) - Unmitigated
3.3. Site Preparation (2026) - Unmitigated
3.5. Grading (2026) - Unmitigated
3.7. Building Construction (2026) - Unmitigated
3.9. Building Construction (2027) - Unmitigated
3.11. Building Construction (2028) - Unmitigated
3.13. Paving (2028) - Unmitigated
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3.15. Architectural Coating (2028) - Unmitigated
4. Operations Emissions Details
4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type
4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated
4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated
4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated
5. Activity Data
5.1. Construction Schedule
5.2. Off-Road Equipment
5.2.1. Unmitigated
5.3. Construction Vehicles
5.3.1. Unmitigated
5.4. Vehicles
5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies
5.5. Architectural Coatings
5.6. Dust Mitigation
5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities
5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies
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5.7. Construction Paving
5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors
5.18. Vegetation
5.18.1. Land Use Change
5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type
5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
5.18.2. Sequestration
5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
6. Climate Risk Detailed Report
6.1. Climate Risk Summary
6.2. Initial Climate Risk Scores
6.3. Adjusted Climate Risk Scores
6.4. Climate Risk Reduction Measures
7. Health and Equity Details
7.1. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Scores
7.2. Healthy Places Index Scores
7.3. Overall Health & Equity Scores
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7.4. Health & Equity Measures
7.5. Evaluation Scorecard
7.6. Health & Equity Custom Measures
8. User Changes to Default Data
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1. Basic Project Information
1.1. Basic Project Information
Data Field Value
Project Name 15597 - Elsinore Heights (Project Buildout Construction)
Construction Start Date 1/5/2026
Lead Agency —
Land Use Scale Project/site
Analysis Level for Defaults County
Windspeed (m/s)2.50
Precipitation (days)9.20
Location 33.6861182235786, -117.32776425209234
County Riverside-South Coast
City Lake Elsinore
Air District South Coast AQMD
Air Basin South Coast
TAZ 5510
EDFZ 11
Electric Utility Southern California Edison
Gas Utility Southern California Gas
App Version 2022.1.1.26
1.2. Land Use Types
Land Use Subtype Size Unit Lot Acreage Building Area (sq ft)Landscape Area (sq
ft)
Special Landscape
Area (sq ft)
Population Description
Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
120 1000sqft 2.75 119,850 634,009 ——High-Cube
Fulfillment (Sort)
Center
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Refrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
120 1000sqft 2.75 119,850 0.00 ——High-Cube Cold
Storage
Industrial Park 67.4 1000sqft 1.55 67,380 0.00 ——Light Industrial
Apartments Low
Rise
61.0 Dwelling Unit 3.81 64,660 0.00 —197 —
Parking Lot 530 Space 4.77 0.00 0.00 ———
User Defined
Industrial
307 User Defined Unit 0.00 0.00 0.00 ———
Other Asphalt
Surfaces
45.4 Acre 45.4 0.00 0.00 ———
1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector
No measures selected
2. Emissions Summary
2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Un/Mit.TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Unmit.1.23 1.11 20.2 37.7 0.06 0.19 5.91 6.01 0.18 2.74 2.85 —7,142 7,142 0.29 0.32 11.9 7,176
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Unmit.53.9 53.8 20.4 38.4 0.05 0.24 5.91 6.01 0.23 2.74 2.85 —8,396 8,396 0.24 0.35 0.31 8,506
Average
Daily
(Max)
——————————————————
Unmit.7.84 7.81 10.2 20.0 0.03 0.10 1.97 2.07 0.10 0.61 0.71 —4,674 4,674 0.14 0.23 3.33 4,747
Annual
(Max)
——————————————————
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Unmit.1.43 1.42 1.86 3.64 0.01 0.02 0.36 0.38 0.02 0.11 0.13 —774 774 0.02 0.04 0.55 786
2.2. Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily -
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
2026 1.23 1.11 20.2 37.7 0.06 0.19 5.91 6.01 0.18 2.74 2.85 —7,142 7,142 0.29 0.32 11.9 7,176
2027 1.19 1.07 11.5 27.6 0.04 0.11 2.66 2.77 0.11 0.64 0.75 —6,359 6,359 0.17 0.31 10.8 6,467
2028 1.16 1.05 11.5 26.8 0.04 0.11 2.66 2.77 0.11 0.64 0.75 —6,284 6,284 0.16 0.31 9.73 6,391
Daily -
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
2026 1.18 1.06 15.8 30.9 0.05 0.20 5.91 6.01 0.19 2.74 2.85 —6,238 6,238 0.23 0.33 0.31 6,340
2027 1.15 1.03 11.7 24.8 0.04 0.11 2.66 2.77 0.11 0.64 0.75 —6,172 6,172 0.17 0.31 0.28 6,269
2028 53.9 53.8 20.4 38.4 0.05 0.24 3.31 3.55 0.23 0.79 1.02 —8,396 8,396 0.24 0.35 0.30 8,506
Average
Daily
——————————————————
2026 0.67 0.63 10.2 20.0 0.03 0.10 1.87 1.98 0.10 0.61 0.71 —4,248 4,248 0.14 0.14 1.92 4,294
2027 0.82 0.74 8.39 18.0 0.03 0.08 1.89 1.97 0.08 0.45 0.53 —4,428 4,428 0.12 0.22 3.33 4,500
2028 7.84 7.81 9.46 19.5 0.03 0.10 1.97 2.07 0.09 0.47 0.57 —4,674 4,674 0.12 0.23 3.10 4,747
Annual ——————————————————
2026 0.12 0.11 1.86 3.64 0.01 0.02 0.34 0.36 0.02 0.11 0.13 —703 703 0.02 0.02 0.32 711
2027 0.15 0.13 1.53 3.29 < 0.005 0.01 0.35 0.36 0.01 0.08 0.10 —733 733 0.02 0.04 0.55 745
2028 1.43 1.42 1.73 3.56 0.01 0.02 0.36 0.38 0.02 0.09 0.10 —774 774 0.02 0.04 0.51 786
3. Construction Emissions Details
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3.1. Demolition (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.41 0.41 11.9 18.2 0.03 0.20 —0.20 0.19 —0.19 —3,427 3,427 0.14 0.03 —3,438
Demoliti
on
——————0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.05 0.05 1.40 2.14 < 0.005 0.02 —0.02 0.02 —0.02 —404 404 0.02 < 0.005 —405
Demoliti
on
——————0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.01 0.01 0.26 0.39 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —66.8 66.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 —67.1
Demoliti
on
——————0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 ———————
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Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.05 —190 190 < 0.005 0.01 0.02 193
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.10 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 —90.4 90.4 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 94.6
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 —22.7 22.7 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.04 23.0
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —10.6 10.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 11.2
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —3.76 3.76 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 3.81
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —1.76 1.76 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.85
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.3. Site Preparation (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
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5,551—0.040.225,5325,532—0.10—0.100.10—0.100.0530.015.70.680.68Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————5.66 5.66 —2.69 2.69 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.68 0.68 15.7 30.0 0.05 0.10 —0.10 0.10 —0.10 —5,532 5,532 0.22 0.04 —5,551
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————5.66 5.66 —2.69 2.69 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.05 0.05 1.12 2.13 < 0.005 0.01 —0.01 0.01 —0.01 —394 394 0.02 < 0.005 —395
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.40 0.40 —0.19 0.19 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
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65.5—< 0.005< 0.00565.265.2—< 0.005—< 0.005< 0.005—< 0.005< 0.0050.390.200.010.01Off-Roa
d
Equipm
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.07 0.07 —0.03 0.03 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.08 0.07 0.07 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.23 0.00 0.05 0.05 —241 241 0.01 0.01 0.82 245
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.06 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 —60.2 60.2 < 0.005 0.01 0.16 63.2
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.23 0.00 0.05 0.05 —222 222 < 0.005 0.01 0.02 225
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.07 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 —60.2 60.2 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 63.1
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker 0.01 < 0.005 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —16.0 16.0 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 16.2
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —4.29 4.29 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 4.49
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —2.65 2.65 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 2.69
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —0.71 0.71 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.74
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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3.5. Grading (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.82 0.82 19.9 36.2 0.06 0.18 —0.18 0.18 —0.18 —6,715 6,715 0.27 0.05 —6,738
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————2.67 2.67 —0.98 0.98 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.15 0.15 3.60 6.54 0.01 0.03 —0.03 0.03 —0.03 —1,214 1,214 0.05 0.01 —1,218
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.48 0.48 —0.18 0.18 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
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202—< 0.0050.01201201—0.01—0.010.01—0.01< 0.0051.190.660.030.03Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
Dust
From
Material
Movement
——————0.09 0.09 —0.03 0.03 ———————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.09 0.08 0.08 1.44 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.26 0.00 0.06 0.06 —276 276 0.01 0.01 0.93 280
Vendor 0.01 < 0.005 0.16 0.05 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.04 0.05 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 —151 151 < 0.005 0.02 0.41 158
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.01 —46.4 46.4 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.07 47.1
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —27.2 27.2 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 28.5
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —7.69 7.69 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 7.79
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 —4.51 4.51 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 4.72
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.7. Building Construction (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
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Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.35 0.35 9.48 15.7 0.03 0.09 —0.09 0.09 —0.09 —2,630 2,630 0.11 0.02 —2,639
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.35 0.35 9.48 15.7 0.03 0.09 —0.09 0.09 —0.09 —2,630 2,630 0.11 0.02 —2,639
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.12 0.12 3.19 5.28 0.01 0.03 —0.03 0.03 —0.03 —885 885 0.04 0.01 —888
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.02 0.02 0.58 0.96 < 0.005 0.01 —0.01 0.01 —0.01 —147 147 0.01 < 0.005 —147
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
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Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.81 0.73 0.68 12.4 0.00 0.00 2.26 2.26 0.00 0.53 0.53 —2,384 2,384 0.10 0.08 8.08 2,419
Vendor 0.06 0.03 1.51 0.47 0.01 0.02 0.40 0.42 0.02 0.11 0.13 —1,415 1,415 0.03 0.22 3.87 1,485
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.78 0.69 0.76 9.41 0.00 0.00 2.26 2.26 0.00 0.53 0.53 —2,193 2,193 0.03 0.09 0.21 2,219
Vendor 0.06 0.03 1.58 0.48 0.01 0.02 0.40 0.42 0.02 0.11 0.13 —1,416 1,416 0.03 0.22 0.10 1,482
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker 0.26 0.23 0.28 3.32 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.76 0.00 0.18 0.18 —747 747 0.01 0.03 1.17 757
Vendor 0.02 0.01 0.53 0.16 < 0.005 0.01 0.13 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.04 —476 476 0.01 0.07 0.56 499
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.03 0.03 —124 124 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.19 125
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.10 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.03 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 —78.9 78.9 < 0.005 0.01 0.09 82.6
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.9. Building Construction (2027) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
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2,639—0.020.112,6302,630—0.09—0.090.09—0.090.0315.79.480.350.35Off-Roa
d
Equipm
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.35 0.35 9.48 15.7 0.03 0.09 —0.09 0.09 —0.09 —2,630 2,630 0.11 0.02 —2,639
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.25 0.25 6.77 11.2 0.02 0.07 —0.07 0.06 —0.06 —1,878 1,878 0.08 0.02 —1,885
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.05 0.05 1.24 2.04 < 0.005 0.01 —0.01 0.01 —0.01 —311 311 0.01 < 0.005 —312
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.78 0.69 0.60 11.5 0.00 0.00 2.26 2.26 0.00 0.53 0.53 —2,340 2,340 0.03 0.08 7.27 2,373
Vendor 0.06 0.03 1.45 0.46 0.01 0.02 0.40 0.42 0.02 0.11 0.13 —1,389 1,389 0.03 0.21 3.54 1,455
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.74 0.66 0.68 8.68 0.00 0.00 2.26 2.26 0.00 0.53 0.53 —2,152 2,152 0.03 0.08 0.19 2,178
Vendor 0.06 0.03 1.52 0.47 0.01 0.02 0.40 0.42 0.02 0.11 0.13 —1,390 1,390 0.03 0.21 0.09 1,453
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker 0.53 0.47 0.53 6.51 0.00 0.00 1.60 1.60 0.00 0.38 0.38 —1,557 1,557 0.02 0.06 2.24 1,577
Vendor 0.04 0.02 1.08 0.33 0.01 0.02 0.29 0.30 0.02 0.08 0.09 —992 992 0.02 0.15 1.09 1,038
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker 0.10 0.09 0.10 1.19 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.29 0.00 0.07 0.07 —258 258 < 0.005 0.01 0.37 261
Vendor 0.01 < 0.005 0.20 0.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 0.05 < 0.005 0.01 0.02 —164 164 < 0.005 0.02 0.18 172
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.11. Building Construction (2028) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.35 0.35 9.48 15.7 0.03 0.09 —0.09 0.09 —0.09 —2,630 2,630 0.11 0.02 —2,639
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
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Off-Roa
Equipment
0.35 0.35 9.48 15.7 0.03 0.09 —0.09 0.09 —0.09 —2,630 2,630 0.11 0.02 —2,639
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.25 0.25 6.76 11.2 0.02 0.07 —0.07 0.06 —0.06 —1,874 1,874 0.08 0.02 —1,880
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.05 0.05 1.23 2.04 < 0.005 0.01 —0.01 0.01 —0.01 —310 310 0.01 < 0.005 —311
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.75 0.67 0.60 10.7 0.00 0.00 2.26 2.26 0.00 0.53 0.53 —2,297 2,297 0.03 0.08 6.51 2,328
Vendor 0.06 0.03 1.38 0.45 0.01 0.02 0.40 0.42 0.02 0.11 0.13 —1,357 1,357 0.02 0.21 3.22 1,423
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.65 0.63 0.67 8.10 0.00 0.00 2.26 2.26 0.00 0.53 0.53 —2,112 2,112 0.03 0.08 0.17 2,138
Vendor 0.06 0.03 1.45 0.46 0.01 0.02 0.40 0.42 0.02 0.11 0.13 —1,359 1,359 0.02 0.21 0.08 1,421
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
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Worker 0.46 0.45 0.48 6.07 0.00 0.00 1.60 1.60 0.00 0.37 0.37 —1,524 1,524 0.02 0.06 2.00 1,544
Vendor 0.04 0.02 1.04 0.32 0.01 0.02 0.29 0.30 0.02 0.08 0.09 —967 967 0.02 0.15 0.99 1,013
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker 0.08 0.08 0.09 1.11 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.29 0.00 0.07 0.07 —252 252 < 0.005 0.01 0.33 256
Vendor 0.01 < 0.005 0.19 0.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 0.05 < 0.005 0.01 0.02 —160 160 < 0.005 0.02 0.16 168
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.13. Paving (2028) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.23 0.23 7.21 10.6 0.01 0.09 —0.09 0.08 —0.08 —1,511 1,511 0.06 0.01 —1,516
Paving 2.68 2.68 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.03 0.03 0.97 1.42 < 0.005 0.01 —0.01 0.01 —0.01 —203 203 0.01 < 0.005 —204
Paving 0.36 0.36 ————————————————
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Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.01 0.01 0.18 0.26 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —33.6 33.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 —33.7
Paving 0.07 0.07 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.05 —183 183 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 185
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 —24.9 24.9 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 25.2
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —4.12 4.12 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 4.18
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.15. Architectural Coating (2028) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
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Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Onsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
0.03 0.03 1.43 1.28 < 0.005 0.04 —0.04 0.04 —0.04 —178 178 0.01 < 0.005 —179
Architect
ural
Coating
s
49.7 49.7 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.19 0.17 < 0.005 0.01 —0.01 0.01 —0.01 —23.9 23.9 < 0.005 < 0.005 —24.0
Architect
ural
Coating
s
6.67 6.67 ————————————————
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —3.96 3.96 < 0.005 < 0.005 —3.97
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————————————————1.221.22Architect
ural
Coating
Onsite
truck
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Offsite ——————————————————
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Worker 0.13 0.13 0.13 1.62 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.45 0.00 0.11 0.11 —422 422 0.01 0.02 0.03 428
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Worker 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.01 —57.4 57.4 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.08 58.2
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Annual ——————————————————
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 —9.51 9.51 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 9.63
Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4. Operations Emissions Details
4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type
4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
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Vegetati TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Annual ——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Annual ——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Species TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
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——————————————————Daily,
Summer
(Max)
Avoided ——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Remove
d
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
———————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Avoided ——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Remove
d
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
———————————————————
Annual ——————————————————
Avoided ——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Remove
d
——————————————————
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Subtotal ——————————————————
———————————————————
5. Activity Data
5.1. Construction Schedule
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Days Per Week Work Days per Phase Phase Description
Demolition Demolition 1/5/2026 3/4/2026 5.00 43.0 —
Site Preparation Site Preparation 3/5/2026 4/9/2026 5.00 26.0 —
Grading Grading 4/10/2026 7/10/2026 5.00 66.0 —
Building Construction Building Construction 7/13/2026 12/29/2028 5.00 645 —
Paving Paving 10/24/2028 12/29/2028 5.00 49.0 —
Architectural Coating Architectural Coating 10/24/2028 12/29/2028 5.00 49.0 —
5.2. Off-Road Equipment
5.2.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor
Demolition Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 367 0.40
Demolition Excavators Diesel Tier 4 Interim 3.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Demolition Concrete/Industrial
Saws
Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 33.0 0.73
Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 3.00 8.00 367 0.40
Site Preparation Crawler Tractors Diesel Tier 4 Interim 4.00 8.00 87.0 0.43
Grading Graders Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 148 0.41
Grading Excavators Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Grading Scrapers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 423 0.48
Grading Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 367 0.40
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Grading Crawler Tractors Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 87.0 0.43
Building Construction Forklifts Diesel Tier 4 Interim 3.00 8.00 82.0 0.20
Building Construction Generator Sets Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 14.0 0.74
Building Construction Cranes Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 367 0.29
Building Construction Welders Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 46.0 0.45
Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Tier 4 Interim 3.00 8.00 84.0 0.37
Paving Pavers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 81.0 0.42
Paving Paving Equipment Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 89.0 0.36
Paving Rollers Diesel Tier 4 Interim 2.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Architectural Coating Air Compressors Diesel Tier 4 Interim 1.00 8.00 37.0 0.48
5.3. Construction Vehicles
5.3.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix
Demolition ————
Demolition Worker 15.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Demolition Vendor 3.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Demolition Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Demolition Onsite truck ——HHDT
Site Preparation ————
Site Preparation Worker 17.5 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Site Preparation Vendor 2.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Site Preparation Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Site Preparation Onsite truck ——HHDT
Grading ————
Grading Worker 20.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Grading Vendor 5.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
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Grading Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Grading Onsite truck ——HHDT
Building Construction ————
Building Construction Worker 173 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Building Construction Vendor 47.0 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Building Construction Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Building Construction Onsite truck ——HHDT
Paving ————
Paving Worker 15.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Paving Vendor —10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Paving Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Paving Onsite truck ——HHDT
Architectural Coating ————
Architectural Coating Worker 34.6 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Architectural Coating Vendor —10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Architectural Coating Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Architectural Coating Onsite truck ——HHDT
5.4. Vehicles
5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.
5.5. Architectural Coatings
Phase Name Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
Architectural Coating 130,937 43,646 460,620 153,540 131,046
5.6. Dust Mitigation
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5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities
Phase Name Material Imported (cy)Material Exported (cy)Acres Graded (acres)Material Demolished (sq. ft.)Acres Paved (acres)
Demolition 0.00 0.00 0.00 ——
Site Preparation ——91.0 0.00 —
Grading ——264 0.00 —
Paving 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.1
5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies
Control Strategies Applied Frequency (per day)PM10 Reduction PM2.5 Reduction
Water Exposed Area 3 74%74%
5.7. Construction Paving
Land Use Area Paved (acres)% Asphalt
Unrefrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 0.00 0%
Refrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 0.00 0%
Industrial Park 0.00 0%
Apartments Low Rise —0%
Parking Lot 4.77 100%
User Defined Industrial 0.00 0%
Other Asphalt Surfaces 45.4 100%
5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors
kWh per Year and Emission Factor (lb/MWh)
Year kWh per Year CO2 CH4 N2O
2026 0.00 346 0.03 < 0.005
2027 0.00 346 0.03 < 0.005
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2028 0.00 346 0.03 < 0.005
5.18. Vegetation
5.18.1. Land Use Change
5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Vegetation Land Use Type Vegetation Soil Type Initial Acres Final Acres
5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type
5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Biomass Cover Type Initial Acres Final Acres
5.18.2. Sequestration
5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
Tree Type Number Electricity Saved (kWh/year)Natural Gas Saved (btu/year)
6. Climate Risk Detailed Report
6.1. Climate Risk Summary
Cal-Adapt midcentury 2040–2059 average projections for four hazards are reported below for your project location. These are under Representation Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 which
assumes GHG emissions will continue to rise strongly through 2050 and then plateau around 2100.
Climate Hazard Result for Project Location Unit
Temperature and Extreme Heat 27.9 annual days of extreme heat
Extreme Precipitation 4.25 annual days with precipitation above 20 mm
Sea Level Rise —meters of inundation depth
Wildfire 16.6 annual hectares burned
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Temperature and Extreme Heat data are for grid cell in which your project are located. The projection is based on the 98th historical percentile of daily maximum/minimum temperatures from
observed historical data (32 climate model ensemble from Cal-Adapt, 2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5). Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.
Extreme Precipitation data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The threshold of 20 mm is equivalent to about ¾ an inch of rain, which would be light to moderate rainfall if
received over a full day or heavy rain if received over a period of 2 to 4 hours. Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.
Sea Level Rise data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The projections are from Radke et al. (2017), as reported in Cal-Adapt (Radke et al., 2017, CEC-500-2017-008), and
consider inundation location and depth for the San Francisco Bay, the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and California coast resulting different increments of sea level rise coupled with
extreme storm events. Users may select from four scenarios to view the range in potential inundation depth for the grid cell. The four scenarios are: No rise, 0.5 meter, 1.0 meter, 1.41 meters
Wildfire data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The projections are from UC Davis, as reported in Cal-Adapt (2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5), and consider historical data
of climate, vegetation, population density, and large (> 400 ha) fire history. Users may select from four model simulations to view the range in potential wildfire probabilities for the grid cell. The
four simulations make different assumptions about expected rainfall and temperature are: Warmer/drier (HadGEM2-ES), Cooler/wetter (CNRM-CM5), Average conditions (CanESM2), Range of
different rainfall and temperature possibilities (MIROC5). Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.
6.2. Initial Climate Risk Scores
Climate Hazard Exposure Score Sensitivity Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score
Temperature and Extreme Heat 3 0 0 N/A
Extreme Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sea Level Rise 1 0 0 N/A
Wildfire 1 0 0 N/A
Flooding N/A N/A N/A N/A
Drought N/A N/A N/A N/A
Snowpack Reduction N/A N/A N/A N/A
Air Quality Degradation 0 0 0 N/A
The sensitivity score reflects the extent to which a project would be adversely affected by exposure to a climate hazard. Exposure is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the
greatest exposure.
The adaptive capacity of a project refers to its ability to manage and reduce vulnerabilities from projected climate hazards. Adaptive capacity is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5
representing the greatest ability to adapt.
The overall vulnerability scores are calculated based on the potential impacts and adaptive capacity assessments for each hazard. Scores do not include implementation of climate risk reduction
measures.
6.3. Adjusted Climate Risk Scores
Climate Hazard Exposure Score Sensitivity Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score
Temperature and Extreme Heat 3 1 1 3
Extreme Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sea Level Rise 1 1 1 2
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Wildfire 1 1 1 2
Flooding N/A N/A N/A N/A
Drought N/A N/A N/A N/A
Snowpack Reduction N/A N/A N/A N/A
Air Quality Degradation 1 1 1 2
The sensitivity score reflects the extent to which a project would be adversely affected by exposure to a climate hazard. Exposure is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the
greatest exposure.
The adaptive capacity of a project refers to its ability to manage and reduce vulnerabilities from projected climate hazards. Adaptive capacity is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5
representing the greatest ability to adapt.
The overall vulnerability scores are calculated based on the potential impacts and adaptive capacity assessments for each hazard. Scores include implementation of climate risk reduction
measures.
6.4. Climate Risk Reduction Measures
7. Health and Equity Details
7.1. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Scores
The maximum CalEnviroScreen score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects a higher pollution burden compared to other census tracts in the state.
Indicator Result for Project Census Tract
Exposure Indicators —
AQ-Ozone 84.6
AQ-PM 52.0
AQ-DPM 20.1
Drinking Water 68.8
Lead Risk Housing 14.3
Pesticides 0.00
Toxic Releases 23.0
Traffic 83.0
Effect Indicators —
CleanUp Sites 7.71
Groundwater 37.6
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Haz Waste Facilities/Generators 80.5
Impaired Water Bodies 51.2
Solid Waste 75.7
Sensitive Population —
Asthma 33.4
Cardio-vascular 84.0
Low Birth Weights 41.1
Socioeconomic Factor Indicators —
Education 50.2
Housing 30.6
Linguistic 11.3
Poverty 48.0
Unemployment 29.4
7.2. Healthy Places Index Scores
The maximum Health Places Index score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects healthier community conditions compared to other census tracts in the state.
Indicator Result for Project Census Tract
Economic —
Above Poverty 69.31861927
Employed 35.14692673
Median HI 73.06557167
Education —
Bachelor's or higher 47.15770563
High school enrollment 100
Preschool enrollment 48.45374054
Transportation —
Auto Access 91.71050943
Active commuting 4.978827153
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Social —
2-parent households 67.84293597
Voting 41.5629411
Neighborhood —
Alcohol availability 88.05338124
Park access 24.81714359
Retail density 13.47363018
Supermarket access 19.72282818
Tree canopy 8.623123316
Housing —
Homeownership 67.77877582
Housing habitability 89.11843963
Low-inc homeowner severe housing cost burden 58.12909021
Low-inc renter severe housing cost burden 93.91761838
Uncrowded housing 56.87155139
Health Outcomes —
Insured adults 79.94353907
Arthritis 0.0
Asthma ER Admissions 79.1
High Blood Pressure 0.0
Cancer (excluding skin)0.0
Asthma 0.0
Coronary Heart Disease 0.0
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 0.0
Diagnosed Diabetes 0.0
Life Expectancy at Birth 47.6
Cognitively Disabled 95.5
Physically Disabled 83.0
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Heart Attack ER Admissions 38.9
Mental Health Not Good 0.0
Chronic Kidney Disease 0.0
Obesity 0.0
Pedestrian Injuries 44.8
Physical Health Not Good 0.0
Stroke 0.0
Health Risk Behaviors —
Binge Drinking 0.0
Current Smoker 0.0
No Leisure Time for Physical Activity 0.0
Climate Change Exposures —
Wildfire Risk 51.5
SLR Inundation Area 0.0
Children 43.1
Elderly 64.7
English Speaking 73.3
Foreign-born 47.1
Outdoor Workers 45.6
Climate Change Adaptive Capacity —
Impervious Surface Cover 68.2
Traffic Density 78.6
Traffic Access 23.0
Other Indices —
Hardship 46.7
Other Decision Support —
2016 Voting 53.5
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7.3. Overall Health & Equity Scores
Metric Result for Project Census Tract
CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Score for Project Location (a)49.0
Healthy Places Index Score for Project Location (b)59.0
Project Located in a Designated Disadvantaged Community (Senate Bill 535)No
Project Located in a Low-Income Community (Assembly Bill 1550)No
Project Located in a Community Air Protection Program Community (Assembly Bill 617)No
a: The maximum CalEnviroScreen score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects a higher pollution burden compared to other census tracts in the state.
b: The maximum Health Places Index score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects healthier community conditions compared to other census tracts in the state.
7.4. Health & Equity Measures
No Health & Equity Measures selected.
7.5. Evaluation Scorecard
Health & Equity Evaluation Scorecard not completed.
7.6. Health & Equity Custom Measures
No Health & Equity Custom Measures created.
8. User Changes to Default Data
Screen Justification
Land Use Total project site for Project Buildout is 39.40 acres.
Construction: Construction Phases Schedule based on Q4 2028 construction end date and 2028 OY
Construction: Off-Road Equipment T/L/B replaced with Crawler Tractor to accurately calculate disturbance for Site Preparation and
Grading phases. Standard 8 hours work days.
In accordance with the City of Lake Elsinore Good Neighbor Policy for Logistics and
Warehouse/Distribution uses, it was assumed that all construction equipment would meet at
least CARB Tier 4 Interim emissions standards.
Construction: Trips and VMT Vendor Trips adjusted based on CalEEMod defaults for Building Construction and number of
days for Demolition, Site Preparation, Grading, and Building Construction.
Construction: Architectural Coatings SCAQMD Rule 1113
Elsinore Heights Greenhouse Gas Analysis
15597-03 GHG Report
0
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Elsinore Heights Greenhouse Gas Analysis
15597-03 GHG Report
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APPENDIX 3.2:
CALEEMOD OPERATIONAL EMISSIONS MODEL OUTPUTS
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15597 - Elsinore Heights (Operations) Detailed Report
Table of Contents
1. Basic Project Information
1.1. Basic Project Information
1.2. Land Use Types
1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector
2. Emissions Summary
2.4. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated
4. Operations Emissions Details
4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use
4.1.1. Unmitigated
4.2. Energy
4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
4.3. Area Emissions by Source
4.3.1. Unmitigated
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4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use
4.4.1. Unmitigated
4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use
4.5.1. Unmitigated
4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use
4.6.1. Unmitigated
4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type
4.7.1. Unmitigated
4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type
4.8.1. Unmitigated
4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type
4.9.1. Unmitigated
4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type
4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated
4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated
4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated
5. Activity Data
5.9. Operational Mobile Sources
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5.9.1. Unmitigated
5.10. Operational Area Sources
5.10.1. Hearths
5.10.1.1. Unmitigated
5.10.2. Architectural Coatings
5.10.3. Landscape Equipment
5.11. Operational Energy Consumption
5.11.1. Unmitigated
5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption
5.12.1. Unmitigated
5.13. Operational Waste Generation
5.13.1. Unmitigated
5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment
5.14.1. Unmitigated
5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment
5.15.1. Unmitigated
5.16. Stationary Sources
5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps
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5.16.2. Process Boilers
5.17. User Defined
5.18. Vegetation
5.18.1. Land Use Change
5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type
5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
5.18.2. Sequestration
5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
6. Climate Risk Detailed Report
6.1. Climate Risk Summary
6.2. Initial Climate Risk Scores
6.3. Adjusted Climate Risk Scores
6.4. Climate Risk Reduction Measures
7. Health and Equity Details
7.1. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Scores
7.2. Healthy Places Index Scores
7.3. Overall Health & Equity Scores
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7.4. Health & Equity Measures
7.5. Evaluation Scorecard
7.6. Health & Equity Custom Measures
8. User Changes to Default Data
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1. Basic Project Information
1.1. Basic Project Information
Data Field Value
Project Name 15597 - Elsinore Heights (Operations)
Operational Year 2028
Lead Agency —
Land Use Scale Project/site
Analysis Level for Defaults County
Windspeed (m/s)2.50
Precipitation (days)9.20
Location 33.684597659401575, -117.32704805693979
County Riverside-South Coast
City Lake Elsinore
Air District South Coast AQMD
Air Basin South Coast
TAZ 5510
EDFZ 11
Electric Utility Southern California Edison
Gas Utility Southern California Gas
App Version 2022.1.1.26
1.2. Land Use Types
Land Use Subtype Size Unit Lot Acreage Building Area (sq ft)Landscape Area (sq
ft)
Special Landscape
Area (sq ft)
Population Description
Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
248 1000sqft 5.69 247,980 511,988 ——high-cube fulfillment
center (non-sort)
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——634,009119,9502.751000sqft120Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
high-cube fulfillment
center (sort)
Refrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
120 1000sqft 2.75 119,950 0.00 ——high-cube cold
storage
Industrial Park 67.4 1000sqft 1.55 67,380 0.00 ——general light
industrial
Apartments Low
Rise
61.0 Dwelling Unit 3.81 64,660 0.00 —197 —
Parking Lot 967 Space 8.70 0.00 0.00 ———
Other Asphalt
Surfaces
35.8 Acre 35.8 0.00 0.00 ———
User Defined
Industrial
555 User Defined Unit 0.00 0.00 0.00 ——Industrial
Passenger Car
1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector
No measures selected
2. Emissions Summary
2.4. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Un/Mit.TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Unmit.29.2 27.8 24.8 96.7 0.29 0.75 18.2 19.0 0.72 4.69 5.41 567 37,808 38,375 58.9 3.26 206 41,022
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Unmit.24.2 23.2 25.6 59.9 0.28 0.71 18.2 19.0 0.69 4.69 5.38 567 36,725 37,293 58.9 3.28 131 39,873
Average
Daily
(Max)
——————————————————
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Unmit.23.6 22.7 15.4 62.8 0.20 0.33 13.8 14.2 0.31 3.55 3.86 567 28,117 28,684 58.6 2.61 154 31,082
Annual
(Max)
——————————————————
Unmit.4.31 4.15 2.81 11.5 0.04 0.06 2.52 2.58 0.06 0.65 0.70 93.9 4,655 4,749 9.71 0.43 25.5 5,146
2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Mobile 7.87 7.09 17.8 63.5 0.27 0.31 18.2 18.6 0.30 4.69 4.98 —28,219 28,219 0.76 2.55 76.6 29,075
Area 19.1 18.7 1.25 28.0 0.01 0.13 —0.13 0.12 —0.12 0.00 1,393 1,393 0.03 < 0.005 —1,395
Energy 0.03 0.02 0.26 0.11 < 0.005 0.02 —0.02 0.02 —0.02 —6,252 6,252 0.59 0.07 —6,287
Water ———————————251 937 1,187 25.8 0.62 —2,018
Waste ———————————316 0.00 316 31.6 0.00 —1,107
Refrig.————————————————129 129
Stationa
ry
2.16 1.97 5.50 5.02 0.01 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.00 1,007 1,007 0.04 0.01 0.00 1,011
Total 29.2 27.8 24.8 96.7 0.29 0.75 18.2 19.0 0.72 4.69 5.41 567 37,808 38,375 58.9 3.26 206 41,022
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Mobile 7.53 6.74 18.8 54.3 0.26 0.31 18.2 18.6 0.30 4.69 4.98 —27,245 27,245 0.79 2.58 1.99 28,035
Area 14.5 14.4 1.01 0.43 0.01 0.08 —0.08 0.08 —0.08 0.00 1,284 1,284 0.02 < 0.005 —1,286
Energy 0.03 0.02 0.26 0.11 < 0.005 0.02 —0.02 0.02 —0.02 —6,252 6,252 0.59 0.07 —6,287
Water ———————————251 937 1,187 25.8 0.62 —2,018
Waste ———————————316 0.00 316 31.6 0.00 —1,107
Refrig.————————————————129 129
Stationa
ry
2.16 1.97 5.50 5.02 0.01 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.00 1,007 1,007 0.04 0.01 0.00 1,011
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Total 24.2 23.2 25.6 59.9 0.28 0.71 18.2 19.0 0.69 4.69 5.38 567 36,725 37,293 58.9 3.28 131 39,873
Average
Daily
——————————————————
Mobile 5.73 5.12 14.2 43.0 0.20 0.23 13.8 14.1 0.22 3.55 3.77 —20,628 20,628 0.60 1.92 25.0 21,240
Area 17.6 17.3 0.23 18.9 < 0.005 0.04 —0.04 0.03 —0.03 0.00 162 162 < 0.005 < 0.005 —163
Energy 0.03 0.02 0.26 0.11 < 0.005 0.02 —0.02 0.02 —0.02 —6,252 6,252 0.59 0.07 —6,287
Water ———————————251 937 1,187 25.8 0.62 —2,018
Waste ———————————316 0.00 316 31.6 0.00 —1,107
Refrig.————————————————129 129
Stationa
ry
0.30 0.27 0.75 0.69 < 0.005 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 138 138 0.01 < 0.005 0.00 138
Total 23.6 22.7 15.4 62.8 0.20 0.33 13.8 14.2 0.31 3.55 3.86 567 28,117 28,684 58.6 2.61 154 31,082
Annual ——————————————————
Mobile 1.04 0.93 2.59 7.85 0.04 0.04 2.52 2.57 0.04 0.65 0.69 —3,415 3,415 0.10 0.32 4.14 3,516
Area 3.20 3.16 0.04 3.46 < 0.005 0.01 —0.01 0.01 —0.01 0.00 26.9 26.9 < 0.005 < 0.005 —26.9
Energy 0.01 < 0.005 0.05 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —1,035 1,035 0.10 0.01 —1,041
Water ———————————41.5 155 197 4.27 0.10 —334
Waste ———————————52.4 0.00 52.4 5.24 0.00 —183
Refrig.————————————————21.4 21.4
Stationa
ry
0.05 0.05 0.14 0.13 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 22.8 22.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 22.9
Total 4.31 4.15 2.81 11.5 0.04 0.06 2.52 2.58 0.06 0.65 0.70 93.9 4,655 4,749 9.71 0.43 25.5 5,146
4. Operations Emissions Details
4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use
4.1.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
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Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
0.27 0.14 6.23 1.77 0.06 0.11 2.14 2.25 0.10 0.57 0.68 —6,580 6,580 0.11 0.99 16.4 6,893
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
0.32 0.20 6.39 2.28 0.06 0.11 2.30 2.41 0.11 0.62 0.72 —6,323 6,323 0.10 0.91 18.9 6,616
Industria
l
Park
0.07 0.04 1.50 0.44 0.01 0.03 0.52 0.55 0.02 0.14 0.16 —1,568 1,568 0.03 0.23 4.02 1,643
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
1.71 1.56 1.48 14.4 0.04 0.03 3.50 3.53 0.02 0.89 0.91 —3,944 3,944 0.14 0.17 11.3 4,009
Parking
Lot
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
5.51 5.15 2.21 44.7 0.10 0.04 9.79 9.83 0.04 2.47 2.51 —9,803 9,803 0.38 0.25 26.0 9,915
Total 7.87 7.09 17.8 63.5 0.27 0.31 18.2 18.6 0.30 4.69 4.98 —28,219 28,219 0.76 2.55 76.6 29,075
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
0.26 0.14 6.51 1.78 0.06 0.11 2.14 2.25 0.10 0.57 0.68 —6,582 6,582 0.11 0.99 0.42 6,879
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Refriger
Warehouse-No
Rail
0.32 0.19 6.68 2.28 0.06 0.11 2.30 2.41 0.11 0.62 0.72 —6,325 6,325 0.10 0.91 0.49 6,600
Industria
l
Park
0.06 0.04 1.57 0.45 0.01 0.03 0.52 0.55 0.02 0.14 0.16 —1,569 1,569 0.03 0.23 0.10 1,639
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
1.62 1.47 1.59 12.0 0.04 0.03 3.50 3.53 0.02 0.89 0.91 —3,705 3,705 0.15 0.17 0.29 3,760
Parking
Lot
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
5.27 4.91 2.44 37.8 0.09 0.04 9.79 9.83 0.04 2.47 2.51 —9,064 9,064 0.40 0.27 0.67 9,156
Total 7.53 6.74 18.8 54.3 0.26 0.31 18.2 18.6 0.30 4.69 4.98 —27,245 27,245 0.79 2.58 1.99 28,035
Annual ——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
0.04 0.02 0.88 0.24 0.01 0.01 0.28 0.30 0.01 0.08 0.09 —797 797 0.01 0.12 0.86 834
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
0.04 0.03 0.90 0.30 0.01 0.01 0.31 0.32 0.01 0.08 0.10 —766 766 0.01 0.11 0.99 800
Industria
l
Park
0.01 < 0.005 0.21 0.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.07 0.07 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 —190 190 < 0.005 0.03 0.21 199
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
0.26 0.24 0.26 2.03 0.01 < 0.005 0.57 0.57 < 0.005 0.14 0.15 —553 553 0.02 0.03 0.72 561
Parking
Lot
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
0.70 0.65 0.33 5.23 0.01 0.01 1.30 1.30 < 0.005 0.33 0.33 —1,110 1,110 0.05 0.03 1.36 1,123
Total 1.04 0.93 2.59 7.85 0.04 0.04 2.52 2.57 0.04 0.65 0.69 —3,415 3,415 0.10 0.32 4.14 3,516
4.2. Energy
4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
————————————1,606 1,606 0.15 0.02 —1,615
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
————————————2,488 2,488 0.24 0.03 —2,503
Industria
l
Park
————————————1,115 1,115 0.11 0.01 —1,121
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
————————————396 396 0.04 < 0.005 —398
Parking
Lot
————————————315 315 0.03 < 0.005 —317
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0.00—0.000.000.000.00————————————Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
User
Defined
Industrial
————————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Total ————————————5,920 5,920 0.56 0.07 —5,955
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
————————————1,606 1,606 0.15 0.02 —1,615
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
————————————2,488 2,488 0.24 0.03 —2,503
Industria
l
Park
————————————1,115 1,115 0.11 0.01 —1,121
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
————————————396 396 0.04 < 0.005 —398
Parking
Lot
————————————315 315 0.03 < 0.005 —317
Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
————————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
————————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Total ————————————5,920 5,920 0.56 0.07 —5,955
Annual ——————————————————
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267—< 0.0050.03266266————————————Unrefrig
erated
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
————————————412 412 0.04 < 0.005 —414
Industria
l
Park
————————————185 185 0.02 < 0.005 —186
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
————————————65.6 65.6 0.01 < 0.005 —66.0
Parking
Lot
————————————52.1 52.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 —52.5
Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
————————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
————————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Total ————————————980 980 0.09 0.01 —986
4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
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0.00—0.000.000.000.00—0.00—0.000.00—0.000.000.000.000.000.00Refriger
ated
Industria
l
Park
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
0.03 0.02 0.26 0.11 < 0.005 0.02 —0.02 0.02 —0.02 —332 332 0.03 < 0.005 —333
Parking
Lot
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Total 0.03 0.02 0.26 0.11 < 0.005 0.02 —0.02 0.02 —0.02 —332 332 0.03 < 0.005 —333
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Industria
l
Park
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
0.03 0.02 0.26 0.11 < 0.005 0.02 —0.02 0.02 —0.02 —332 332 0.03 < 0.005 —333
Parking
Lot
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
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Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Total 0.03 0.02 0.26 0.11 < 0.005 0.02 —0.02 0.02 —0.02 —332 332 0.03 < 0.005 —333
Annual ——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Industria
l
Park
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
0.01 < 0.005 0.05 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —54.9 54.9 < 0.005 < 0.005 —55.1
Parking
Lot
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00 0.00 —0.00 —0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Total 0.01 < 0.005 0.05 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —54.9 54.9 < 0.005 < 0.005 —55.1
4.3. Area Emissions by Source
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4.3.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Source TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Hearths 0.12 0.06 1.01 0.43 0.01 0.08 —0.08 0.08 —0.08 0.00 1,284 1,284 0.02 < 0.005 —1,286
Consum
er
Product
s
13.4 13.4 ————————————————
Architect
ural
Coating
s
0.96 0.96 ————————————————
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent
4.62 4.27 0.24 27.6 < 0.005 0.04 —0.04 0.03 —0.03 —109 109 < 0.005 < 0.005 —109
Total 19.1 18.7 1.25 28.0 0.01 0.13 —0.13 0.12 —0.12 0.00 1,393 1,393 0.03 < 0.005 —1,395
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Hearths 0.12 0.06 1.01 0.43 0.01 0.08 —0.08 0.08 —0.08 0.00 1,284 1,284 0.02 < 0.005 —1,286
Consum
er
Product
s
13.4 13.4 ————————————————
Architect
ural
Coating
s
0.96 0.96 ————————————————
Total 14.5 14.4 1.01 0.43 0.01 0.08 —0.08 0.08 —0.08 0.00 1,284 1,284 0.02 < 0.005 —1,286
Annual ——————————————————
Hearths < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 < 0.005 —< 0.005 0.00 14.6 14.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 —14.6
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Consum
Products
2.45 2.45 ————————————————
Architect
ural
Coating
s
0.18 0.18 ————————————————
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent
0.58 0.53 0.03 3.45 < 0.005 0.01 —0.01 < 0.005 —< 0.005 —12.3 12.3 < 0.005 < 0.005 —12.4
Total 3.20 3.16 0.04 3.46 < 0.005 0.01 —0.01 0.01 —0.01 0.00 26.9 26.9 < 0.005 < 0.005 —26.9
4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use
4.4.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
———————————163 641 804 16.8 0.40 —1,344
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
———————————53.2 179 232 5.47 0.13 —408
Industria
l
Park
———————————29.9 101 130 3.07 0.07 —229
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
———————————4.75 16.0 20.8 0.49 0.01 —36.5
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Parking
Lot
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Total ———————————251 937 1,187 25.8 0.62 —2,018
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
———————————163 641 804 16.8 0.40 —1,344
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
———————————53.2 179 232 5.47 0.13 —408
Industria
l
Park
———————————29.9 101 130 3.07 0.07 —229
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
———————————4.75 16.0 20.8 0.49 0.01 —36.5
Parking
Lot
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Total ———————————251 937 1,187 25.8 0.62 —2,018
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Annual ——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
———————————27.0 106 133 2.78 0.07 —222
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
———————————8.80 29.7 38.5 0.91 0.02 —67.6
Industria
l
Park
———————————4.94 16.7 21.6 0.51 0.01 —38.0
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
———————————0.79 2.65 3.44 0.08 < 0.005 —6.04
Parking
Lot
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Total ———————————41.5 155 197 4.27 0.10 —334
4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use
4.5.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
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Unrefrig
Warehouse-No
Rail
———————————186 0.00 186 18.6 0.00 —652
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
———————————60.8 0.00 60.8 6.07 0.00 —213
Industria
l
Park
———————————45.0 0.00 45.0 4.50 0.00 —158
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
———————————24.3 0.00 24.3 2.43 0.00 —85.0
Parking
Lot
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Total ———————————316 0.00 316 31.6 0.00 —1,107
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
———————————186 0.00 186 18.6 0.00 —652
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
———————————60.8 0.00 60.8 6.07 0.00 —213
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158—0.004.5045.00.0045.0———————————Industria
l
Park
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
———————————24.3 0.00 24.3 2.43 0.00 —85.0
Parking
Lot
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
User
Defined
Industrial
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Total ———————————316 0.00 316 31.6 0.00 —1,107
Annual ——————————————————
Unrefrig
erated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
———————————30.9 0.00 30.9 3.08 0.00 —108
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
———————————10.1 0.00 10.1 1.01 0.00 —35.2
Industria
l
Park
———————————7.46 0.00 7.46 0.75 0.00 —26.1
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
———————————4.02 0.00 4.02 0.40 0.00 —14.1
Parking
Lot
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surfaces
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
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User
Defined
Industrial
———————————0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 —0.00
Total ———————————52.4 0.00 52.4 5.24 0.00 —183
4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use
4.6.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
————————————————122 122
Industria
l
Park
————————————————6.30 6.30
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
————————————————0.41 0.41
Total ————————————————129 129
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
————————————————122 122
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6.306.30————————————————Industria
l
Park
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
————————————————0.41 0.41
Total ————————————————129 129
Annual ——————————————————
Refriger
ated
Wareho
use-No
Rail
————————————————20.2 20.2
Industria
l
Park
————————————————1.04 1.04
Apartme
nts
Low Rise
————————————————0.07 0.07
Total ————————————————21.4 21.4
4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type
4.7.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
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Total ——————————————————
Annual ——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type
4.8.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Emerge
ncy
Generat
or
2.16 1.97 5.50 5.02 0.01 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.00 1,007 1,007 0.04 0.01 0.00 1,011
Total 2.16 1.97 5.50 5.02 0.01 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.00 1,007 1,007 0.04 0.01 0.00 1,011
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Emerge
ncy
Generat
or
2.16 1.97 5.50 5.02 0.01 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.00 1,007 1,007 0.04 0.01 0.00 1,011
Total 2.16 1.97 5.50 5.02 0.01 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.00 1,007 1,007 0.04 0.01 0.00 1,011
Annual ——————————————————
Emerge
ncy
Generat
or
0.05 0.05 0.14 0.13 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 22.8 22.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 22.9
Total 0.05 0.05 0.14 0.13 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 22.8 22.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 22.9
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4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type
4.9.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Annual ——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type
4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Vegetati
on
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
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Annual ——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
Annual ——————————————————
Total ——————————————————
4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual)
Species TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
——————————————————
Avoided ——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Remove
d
——————————————————
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Subtotal ——————————————————
———————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Avoided ——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Remove
d
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
———————————————————
Annual ——————————————————
Avoided ——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
Remove
d
——————————————————
Subtotal ——————————————————
———————————————————
5. Activity Data
5.9. Operational Mobile Sources
5.9.1. Unmitigated
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Land Use Type Trips/Weekday Trips/Saturday Trips/Sunday Trips/Year VMT/Weekday VMT/Saturday VMT/Sunday VMT/Year
Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
58.0 4.96 1.98 15,491 1,761 150 60.2 469,985
Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
24.0 2.04 0.84 6,405 705 59.9 24.7 188,168
Refrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
92.1 7.80 3.12 24,587 2,630 223 89.0 701,947
Industrial Park 20.0 1.68 0.67 5,340 597 50.3 20.1 159,356
Apartments Low
Rise
411 278 235 133,940 4,944 3,338 2,832 1,610,754
Parking Lot 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other Asphalt
Surfaces
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
User Defined
Industrial
1,618 137 55.0 431,850 14,056 1,191 477 3,751,694
5.10. Operational Area Sources
5.10.1. Hearths
5.10.1.1. Unmitigated
Hearth Type Unmitigated (number)
Apartments Low Rise —
Wood Fireplaces 0
Gas Fireplaces 61
Propane Fireplaces 0
Electric Fireplaces 0
No Fireplaces 0
5.10.2. Architectural Coatings
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Residential Interior Area Coated (sq
ft)
Residential Exterior Area Coated (sq
ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area Coated
(sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
130936.5 43,646 832,890 277,630 116,182
5.10.3. Landscape Equipment
Season Unit Value
Snow Days day/yr 0.00
Summer Days day/yr 250
5.11. Operational Energy Consumption
5.11.1. Unmitigated
Electricity (kWh/yr) and CO2 and CH4 and N2O and Natural Gas (kBTU/yr)
Land Use Electricity (kWh/yr)CO2 CH4 N2O Natural Gas (kBTU/yr)
Unrefrigerated Warehouse-No
Rail
1,141,291 346 0.0330 0.0040 0.00
Unrefrigerated Warehouse-No
Rail
552,052 346 0.0330 0.0040 0.00
Refrigerated Warehouse-No
Rail
2,623,252 346 0.0330 0.0040 0.00
Industrial Park 1,175,321 346 0.0330 0.0040 0.00
Apartments Low Rise 417,654 346 0.0330 0.0040 1,035,184
Parking Lot 332,094 346 0.0330 0.0040 0.00
Other Asphalt Surfaces 0.00 346 0.0330 0.0040 0.00
User Defined Industrial 0.00 346 0.0330 0.0040 0.00
5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption
5.12.1. Unmitigated
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Land Use Indoor Water (gal/year)Outdoor Water (gal/year)
Unrefrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 57,345,375 8,117,934
Unrefrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 27,738,438 10,052,663
Refrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 27,738,438 0.00
Industrial Park 15,581,625 0.00
Apartments Low Rise 2,481,100 0.00
Parking Lot 0.00 0.00
Other Asphalt Surfaces 0.00 0.00
User Defined Industrial 0.00 0.00
5.13. Operational Waste Generation
5.13.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Waste (ton/year)Cogeneration (kWh/year)
Unrefrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 233 —
Unrefrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 113 —
Refrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 113 —
Industrial Park 83.6 —
Apartments Low Rise 45.1 —
Parking Lot 0.00 —
Other Asphalt Surfaces 0.00 —
User Defined Industrial 0.00 —
5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment
5.14.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Type Equipment Type Refrigerant GWP Quantity (kg)Operations Leak Rate Service Leak Rate Times Serviced
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25.07.507.507.50150User DefinedCold storageRefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
Industrial Park Other commercial A/C
and heat pumps
User Defined 750 0.30 4.00 4.00 18.0
Apartments Low Rise Average room A/C &
Other residential A/C
and heat pumps
User Defined 750 < 0.005 2.50 2.50 10.0
Apartments Low Rise Household
refrigerators and/or
freezers
R-134a 1,430 0.12 0.60 0.00 1.00
5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment
5.15.1. Unmitigated
Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor
5.16. Stationary Sources
5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps
Equipment Type Fuel Type Number per Day Hours per Day Hours per Year Horsepower Load Factor
Emergency Generator Diesel 1.00 1.00 50.0 300 0.73
Emergency Generator Diesel 1.00 1.00 50.0 300 0.73
Emergency Generator Diesel 1.00 1.00 50.0 300 0.73
Emergency Generator Diesel 1.00 1.00 50.0 300 0.73
5.16.2. Process Boilers
Equipment Type Fuel Type Number Boiler Rating (MMBtu/hr)Daily Heat Input (MMBtu/day)Annual Heat Input (MMBtu/yr)
5.17. User Defined
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Equipment Type Fuel Type
5.18. Vegetation
5.18.1. Land Use Change
5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Vegetation Land Use Type Vegetation Soil Type Initial Acres Final Acres
5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type
5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Biomass Cover Type Initial Acres Final Acres
5.18.2. Sequestration
5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
Tree Type Number Electricity Saved (kWh/year)Natural Gas Saved (btu/year)
6. Climate Risk Detailed Report
6.1. Climate Risk Summary
Cal-Adapt midcentury 2040–2059 average projections for four hazards are reported below for your project location. These are under Representation Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 which
assumes GHG emissions will continue to rise strongly through 2050 and then plateau around 2100.
Climate Hazard Result for Project Location Unit
Temperature and Extreme Heat 27.9 annual days of extreme heat
Extreme Precipitation 4.25 annual days with precipitation above 20 mm
Sea Level Rise —meters of inundation depth
Wildfire 16.6 annual hectares burned
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Temperature and Extreme Heat data are for grid cell in which your project are located. The projection is based on the 98th historical percentile of daily maximum/minimum temperatures from
observed historical data (32 climate model ensemble from Cal-Adapt, 2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5). Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.
Extreme Precipitation data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The threshold of 20 mm is equivalent to about ¾ an inch of rain, which would be light to moderate rainfall if
received over a full day or heavy rain if received over a period of 2 to 4 hours. Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.
Sea Level Rise data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The projections are from Radke et al. (2017), as reported in Cal-Adapt (Radke et al., 2017, CEC-500-2017-008), and
consider inundation location and depth for the San Francisco Bay, the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and California coast resulting different increments of sea level rise coupled with
extreme storm events. Users may select from four scenarios to view the range in potential inundation depth for the grid cell. The four scenarios are: No rise, 0.5 meter, 1.0 meter, 1.41 meters
Wildfire data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The projections are from UC Davis, as reported in Cal-Adapt (2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5), and consider historical data
of climate, vegetation, population density, and large (> 400 ha) fire history. Users may select from four model simulations to view the range in potential wildfire probabilities for the grid cell. The
four simulations make different assumptions about expected rainfall and temperature are: Warmer/drier (HadGEM2-ES), Cooler/wetter (CNRM-CM5), Average conditions (CanESM2), Range of
different rainfall and temperature possibilities (MIROC5). Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.
6.2. Initial Climate Risk Scores
Climate Hazard Exposure Score Sensitivity Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score
Temperature and Extreme Heat 3 0 0 N/A
Extreme Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sea Level Rise 1 0 0 N/A
Wildfire 1 0 0 N/A
Flooding N/A N/A N/A N/A
Drought N/A N/A N/A N/A
Snowpack Reduction N/A N/A N/A N/A
Air Quality Degradation 0 0 0 N/A
The sensitivity score reflects the extent to which a project would be adversely affected by exposure to a climate hazard. Exposure is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the
greatest exposure.
The adaptive capacity of a project refers to its ability to manage and reduce vulnerabilities from projected climate hazards. Adaptive capacity is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5
representing the greatest ability to adapt.
The overall vulnerability scores are calculated based on the potential impacts and adaptive capacity assessments for each hazard. Scores do not include implementation of climate risk reduction
measures.
6.3. Adjusted Climate Risk Scores
Climate Hazard Exposure Score Sensitivity Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score
Temperature and Extreme Heat 3 1 1 3
Extreme Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sea Level Rise 1 1 1 2
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Wildfire 1 1 1 2
Flooding N/A N/A N/A N/A
Drought N/A N/A N/A N/A
Snowpack Reduction N/A N/A N/A N/A
Air Quality Degradation 1 1 1 2
The sensitivity score reflects the extent to which a project would be adversely affected by exposure to a climate hazard. Exposure is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the
greatest exposure.
The adaptive capacity of a project refers to its ability to manage and reduce vulnerabilities from projected climate hazards. Adaptive capacity is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5
representing the greatest ability to adapt.
The overall vulnerability scores are calculated based on the potential impacts and adaptive capacity assessments for each hazard. Scores include implementation of climate risk reduction
measures.
6.4. Climate Risk Reduction Measures
7. Health and Equity Details
7.1. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Scores
The maximum CalEnviroScreen score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects a higher pollution burden compared to other census tracts in the state.
Indicator Result for Project Census Tract
Exposure Indicators —
AQ-Ozone 84.6
AQ-PM 52.0
AQ-DPM 20.1
Drinking Water 68.8
Lead Risk Housing 14.3
Pesticides 0.00
Toxic Releases 23.0
Traffic 83.0
Effect Indicators —
CleanUp Sites 7.71
Groundwater 37.6
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Haz Waste Facilities/Generators 80.5
Impaired Water Bodies 51.2
Solid Waste 75.7
Sensitive Population —
Asthma 33.4
Cardio-vascular 84.0
Low Birth Weights 41.1
Socioeconomic Factor Indicators —
Education 50.2
Housing 30.6
Linguistic 11.3
Poverty 48.0
Unemployment 29.4
7.2. Healthy Places Index Scores
The maximum Health Places Index score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects healthier community conditions compared to other census tracts in the state.
Indicator Result for Project Census Tract
Economic —
Above Poverty 69.31861927
Employed 35.14692673
Median HI 73.06557167
Education —
Bachelor's or higher 47.15770563
High school enrollment 100
Preschool enrollment 48.45374054
Transportation —
Auto Access 91.71050943
Active commuting 4.978827153
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Social —
2-parent households 67.84293597
Voting 41.5629411
Neighborhood —
Alcohol availability 88.05338124
Park access 24.81714359
Retail density 13.47363018
Supermarket access 19.72282818
Tree canopy 8.623123316
Housing —
Homeownership 67.77877582
Housing habitability 89.11843963
Low-inc homeowner severe housing cost burden 58.12909021
Low-inc renter severe housing cost burden 93.91761838
Uncrowded housing 56.87155139
Health Outcomes —
Insured adults 79.94353907
Arthritis 0.0
Asthma ER Admissions 79.1
High Blood Pressure 0.0
Cancer (excluding skin)0.0
Asthma 0.0
Coronary Heart Disease 0.0
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 0.0
Diagnosed Diabetes 0.0
Life Expectancy at Birth 47.6
Cognitively Disabled 95.5
Physically Disabled 83.0
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Heart Attack ER Admissions 38.9
Mental Health Not Good 0.0
Chronic Kidney Disease 0.0
Obesity 0.0
Pedestrian Injuries 44.8
Physical Health Not Good 0.0
Stroke 0.0
Health Risk Behaviors —
Binge Drinking 0.0
Current Smoker 0.0
No Leisure Time for Physical Activity 0.0
Climate Change Exposures —
Wildfire Risk 51.5
SLR Inundation Area 0.0
Children 43.1
Elderly 64.7
English Speaking 73.3
Foreign-born 47.1
Outdoor Workers 45.6
Climate Change Adaptive Capacity —
Impervious Surface Cover 68.2
Traffic Density 78.6
Traffic Access 23.0
Other Indices —
Hardship 46.7
Other Decision Support —
2016 Voting 53.5
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7.3. Overall Health & Equity Scores
Metric Result for Project Census Tract
CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Score for Project Location (a)49.0
Healthy Places Index Score for Project Location (b)59.0
Project Located in a Designated Disadvantaged Community (Senate Bill 535)No
Project Located in a Low-Income Community (Assembly Bill 1550)No
Project Located in a Community Air Protection Program Community (Assembly Bill 617)No
a: The maximum CalEnviroScreen score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects a higher pollution burden compared to other census tracts in the state.
b: The maximum Health Places Index score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects healthier community conditions compared to other census tracts in the state.
7.4. Health & Equity Measures
No Health & Equity Measures selected.
7.5. Evaluation Scorecard
Health & Equity Evaluation Scorecard not completed.
7.6. Health & Equity Custom Measures
No Health & Equity Custom Measures created.
8. User Changes to Default Data
Screen Justification
Land Use Total Project site is 61.0 acres
Construction: Construction Phases Based on Q1 2025 start date and 2026 OY.
Construction: Off-Road Equipment T/L/B replaced with Crawler Tractor to accurately calculate disturbance for Site Preparation and
Grading phases. Standard 8 hours work days
Construction: Trips and VMT Vendor Trips adjusted based on CalEEMod defaults for Building Construction and number of
days for Demolition, Site Preparation, Grading, and Building Construction
Construction: Architectural Coatings SCAQMD Rule 1113
Operations: Hearths SCAQMD Rule 445 no wood burning devices. Wood burning devices added to gas devices.
Operations: Energy Use Project will not utilize natural gas for the industrial portion.
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Operations: Refrigerants As of 1 January 2022, new commercial refrigeration equipment may not use refrigerants with a
GWP of 150 or greater. Further, R-404A (the CalEEMod default) is unacceptable for new
supermarket and cold storage systems as of 1 January 2019 and 2023, respectively.
Beginning 1 January 2025, all new air conditioning equipment may not use refrigerants with a
GWP of 750 or greater.
Operations: Vehicle Data Trip Characteristics based on information provided in the Traffic Analysis
Operations: Fleet Mix 0Passenger Car Mix estimated based on CalEEMod default fleet mix and the ratio of the
vehicle classes (LDA, LDT1, LDT2, MDV, MCY). Truck Fleet Mix based on 2, 3 and 4 axle
trucks
Operations: Architectural Coatings SCAQMD Rule 1113
Elsinore Heights Greenhouse Gas Analysis
15597-03 GHG Report
0
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