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HomeMy WebLinkAboutRI-03664 RI-3664 1084425 A CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT CONDUCTED FOR THE LAKE EDGE SPECIFIC PLAN, LAKE ELSINORE, RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA RECEIVED IN By: VUL 2 7 IW2 Kathleen C. Del Chario EIC Carol R. Demcak, Principal Investigator Of: Archaeological Resource Management Corporation 1114 N. Gilbert Street Anaheim, CA 92801 714/491-9702 For: Phillips Brandt Reddick 18012 Sky Park Circle Irvine, CA 92715 October, 1991 A CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT CONDUCTED FOR THE LAKE EDGE SPECIFIC PLAN, LAKE ELSINORE, RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA INTRODUCTION This report presents the findings of a cultural resources assessment conducted for inclusion in the Lake Edge Specific Plan Environmental Impact Report (EIR) , a joint project of the City of Lake Elsinore and the County of Riverside. The study was performed at the request of Ken Ryan of Phillips Brandt Reddick (PBR) by personnel from Archaeological Resource Management Corporation (ARMC) . Kathleen C. Del Chario served as Project Director working under the overall supervison of Carol R. Demcak, a Society of Professional Archeologists (SOPA) field certified archaeologist. The project consisted of a records/literature search for the entire study area and a limited field survey. The purpose of the investigation was to identify cultural resources present within the study area which might be impacted by future development and to recommend measures to alleviate impacts to resources should they be present. It was also our purpose to generate a body of baseline data to assist the City in their future planning needs, and to indicate areas where future research needed to be done. Location The Lake Edge Specific Plan Project Area encompasses approximately 75% of the Lake Elsinore shoreline. It consists of approximately 1630 acres and is bounded by Lakeshore Drive on the north, by Riverside Drive on the west, by Grand Avenue on the south and by Corydon Street on the east. On the USGS 7.5' Series topographic maps, Alberhill, Lake Elsinore and j Wildomar quadrangles, the project area is found on unsurveyed portions of the Rancho La Laguna within Townships 5 and 6 South and Ranges 4 and 5 West (see appendix) . PHYSICAL SETTING Geology The Elsinore Valley is a part of the Peninsular Range Natural Province of southern California, a system of northwesterly trending ridges that extend from the Tranverse Ranges south into Baja California. The topography of this province is characterized by an irregular coastal plain in the west, as well as prominent ridges, peaks, valleys and subdued upland TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 PHYSICAL SETTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Geology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Floraand Fauna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 CULTURAL SETTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Prehistory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 EthnographicBackground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Historical Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 RECORDS SEARCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Resultsof Records Search: Surveys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Results of Records Search: Archaeological Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Results of Records Search: Structures/Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 FIELD SURVEY AND RESULTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Prehistoric Cultural Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Isolated Artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 HistoricCultural Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 SpecificRecommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Buried Cultural Deposits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 AdditionalSurvey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 REFERENCES CITED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 APPENDIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 TABLE Table 1: Cultural Resources Found Within the Project Area. . . . . . 27 areas as one moves south and east (Jahns 1954:29) . In a general sense, the Peninsular Range Province can be described as "an uplifted and westward tilted plateau that has been broken into several large, subparallel blocks by major faults (Jahns 1954:41) . One such fault system has created the Elsinore Trough, "a linear, low-lying block" (Norris and Webb 1976:180) , 48 kilometers (km) southeast by 4.8 km in width, found between the Santa Ana Mountains and the Perris Plain. Found in the lowest portion of the valley, the lake was created by an uplift on the Glen Ivy Fault to the north which blocked the natural drainage of the run-off from the surrounding mountains and from the San Jacinto River, a watershed encompassing almost 800 miles (McDaniels 1980) . Its present outlet is Warm Springs Creek which joins Temescal Creek, a tributary to the Santa Ana River and, ultimately, the Pacific Ocean (Mead 1990) . When filled, the lake covers approximately 2900 acres with a maximum depth of 40 feet deep. Throughout its history, the lake has experienced periods of both drought and flood, at times becoming completely dry, at times overrunning its banks (Mead 1990) . Numerous hot and mineral springs are associated with the Fault Zone. These springs were an attraction to both the native populations as well as later American settlers. The sulphur water from the springs at Elsinore was thought to have medicinal value and was, in part, responsible for the growth of the town. Recent and Pleistocene alluvium, containing abundant cobbles is found within the lake bed and along its margins. These cobbles could have originated from a number of geologic formations mapped within the surrounding hills (Rogers 1965) and would have provided a wide variety of lithic raw materials to the prehistoric inhabitants of Lake Elsinore for the manufacture of stone tools. Basaltic Pleistocene volcanic rocks are found in isolated areas within the Santa Ana Mountains (near Trabuco Peak to the northwest and near Elsinore Peak to the southeast of the project area) . Basalts were used by Native Americans for the manufacture of chipped stone tools such as projectile points and knives. Paleocene marine sedimentary rocks of the Silverado Formation are mapped to the northwest of the lake. The lower part of this deposit is made up of non-marine to brackish sandstone, conglomerate, red and white mottled clays, lignite and claystone breccia. This formation was an important source of a good quality clay that was mined historically until the present and must have served prehistoric populations as well. Lignite has been of historic economic importance in the area. 2 Mesozoic granitic rocks of the Southern California Batholith consisting of tonalite, diorite and basic intrusive types are widespread within the local mountains. Rocks such as these were used prehistorically for the manufacture of ground stone implements such as manos and metates and mortars and pestles. Outcrops of larger boulders were used as locations for bedrock milling features and for the placement of rock art. Upper Jurassic marine sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks of the Bedford Canyon Formation are mapped within large areas of the Santa Ana Mountains in proximity to the project area and were observed in limited outcrops within the project area (Wagner 1991) . This formation is made up of interbedded dark to dark-gray argillite (metashale) , slate, quartzite, graywacke, local conglomerate and recrystallized limestone. Fine-grained, flakeable argillites were utilized prehistorically for the manufacture of chipped stone tools as were the quartzites from this Formation. Jurassic and/or Triassic metavolcanic rocks of the Santiago Peak Volcanics Formation are found along the Los Pinos Fault to the northwest of the project area and surrounding Estelle Mountain to the northeast. This Formation consists of "predominately dark-colored flows, tuff, breccia and agglomerate of predominately andesitic composition (Rogers 1965) . Fine-grained Santiago Peak metavolcanics were frequently used by prehistoric populations for the manufacture of chipped stone tools such as projectile points. Flora and Fauna Within the project area, most of the native vegetation has been extensively altered by human activities such as agriculture and development. Introduced species such as eucalyptus, pepper trees, olives, figs, apricots and citrus were noted throughout the project area. Native trees, such as sycamores and live oaks were occasionally observed. Dense stands of willows, tamarisks and cottonwoods are present in places along the south side of the lake. Between these stands, a variety of forbs, adapted to moist but alkaline conditions, abounds (Bramlet 1989) . One area of native vegetation was observed in the vicinity of Rome Hill. Here, representative plants of the Coastal Sage Plant Community (Munz 1959) were present, dominated by a lush growth of California buckwheat. Coastal Sage scrub vegetation is also present on the lower slopes of the mountains to the south. The lakeshore environment would have attracted a wide variety of game birds and animals. It is not known whether native fish were present in the lake (Yohe 1987: 30) . Historic accounts mention the presence of plentiful deer, antelope, rabbits, quail, ducks and geese as well as a multitude of 3 predators such as grizzley bears, coyotes, pumas and wild cats (Cauch 1956) . CULTURAL SETTING Prehistory The project area falls into the San Diego subregion of the Southern Coastal region as defined by Moratto (1984 ) . While Wallace (1955) and Warren (1968) have provided the most complete regional syntheses for the southern California coastal area as a whole, various researchers have contributed to the definition of the more localized manifestations of Wallace's and Warren's broader categories. The San Dieguito Complex, defined by Warren (1967) based on data recovered from the C.W. Harris Site located in coastal San Diego County represents the earliest cultural tradition recognized in southern California. This tradition is characterized by leaf-shaped knives or large projectile points, pebble hammerstones and a variety of chipped stone tools exhibiting a technical similarity to the Lake Mojave collections (Moratto 1984:97) . Ground stone plant processing implements are absent. The La Jolla Complex (Rogers 1939, 1945) is the expression of the Millingstone Horizon (Wallace 1955) in the San Diego subregion. La Jollan assemblages, often found in shell midden sites, are characterized by basin metates, unshaped manos, many flaked cobble tools, few projectile points and flexed burials under stone cairns (Moratto 1984 ) . The Pauma Complex (True 1958) was defined based on data from a number of sites in northern inland San Diego County. Containing elements of both the San Dieguito and La Jolla Complexes, the Pauma Complex is characterized by crescents, leaf-shaped points or knives, millingstones, core scrapers and discoidals. Pauma Complex sites are typically situated on higher ground, adjacent to an extinct water source, and are usually found in heavy clay soil that has been subject to disturbance. Most Pauma Complex sites are either surface scatters, or have a poorly developed subsurface deposits and are thought to have been seasonally occupied by coastal La Jollan groups (True and Waugh 1986: 101) . The late period is manifested locally by the San Luis Rey I (A.D. 1400-1750) and the San Luis Rey II (A.D. 1750-1850) Complexes . The San Luis Rey I Complex is characterized by bedrock and slab metates, small oval manor, bedrock mortars with cylindrical pestles, small triangular, concave-based projectile points, stone pendants, Olivella disc and spire- lopped beads, quartz crystals, and various bone tools. The San Luis Rey II Complex is distinguished by the addition of pottery vessels and pipes, cremation urns, red and black 4 pictographs, grooved steatite arrowshaft straighteners, and European artifacts to the cultural inventory (Meighan 1954) . Excavations at Temeku have demonstrated that the San Luis Rey cultures were the direct forebearers of the Luiseno, who occupied the area at the time of contact. Archaeological sites that have been investigated in the general vicinity of the project, while few in number, are representative of the Pauma Complex/Millingstone Horizon (Early) as well as San Luis Rey I and II (Late) . It may be expected that prehistoric sites found within the project area may be representative of both Early and Late periods. Data recovered from excavations at the Perris Reservoir sites some 20 km to the northeast of the project area have led researchers to propose two time frames, Early (prior to A.D. 1300) and Late (A.D. 1300 - 1800) , which may be more directly applicable to the project area (Bettinger 1973 ) . According to Bettinger (1973 ) , Early sites are defined by the presence of basin metates and Rose Springs, Eastgate and Elko-eared style projectile points. Olivella biplicata lipped disc beads, Cottonwood triangular and Desert Side-notched projectile points and deep middens are diagnostic of Late period sites. Ceramics, either Lower Colorado River buff or Tizon brownware, appear after A.D. 1600 (Bettinger 1973 ) . At the Wildomar site, located at the mouth of a canyon approximately 4 .0 km southeast of the project area, archaeological investigations indicated that the site was occupied from A.D. 100 until the mission period and was representative of both San Luis Rey I and II cultures (McCarthy 1987) . Artifacts representing a wide variety of activities were recovered including Cottonwood and Rose Spring projectile points, Tizon Brownware and Lower Colorado Buffware ceramics, shell beads, bone awls and groundstone milling implements. Bedrock features (mortars, a milling slick and cupules) were also present as were food remains (animal bone, shellfish remains and carbonized seeds) . A cremation was also present as were items suggestive of trade with the coast as well as European contact. Based on the recovery, McCarthy (1987) concluded that the site represented a small, seasonal camp, perhaps a satellite in a larger settlement system such as that described for the Perris Lake area (Wilke 1973 ) . Data recovered during salvage investigations at the Walker Ranch site suggests that the site, a Luiseno village, was occupied from A.D. 1000 until time of contact, or San Luis Rey I and II (Freeman and Van Horn 1990) . The site is located in the Paloma Valley, roughly 12 km northeast of the project area. The area investigated consisted of two habitation loci, a ceremonial locus and a milling locus. The types of artifacts recovered were similar to those found at the Wildomar site with the addition of ceramic pipes, figurines, beads, and a pictograph panel with red zig-zag motifs. 5 Ethnographic Background ed occu i s b At the time of contact, the project area was p y the Luiseno, Shoshonean hunter-gatherers, who were named for their affiliation with the Mission San Luis Rey, founded in 1798. Their culture has been extensively described by Kroeber (1925) , Sparkman (1908) , Du Bois ( 1908) , Strong (1929) , and Gifford (1918) . Bean and Shipek (1978) note that while the to structure and philosophy of the Luiseno were similar social stru p p Y that of the other Takic-speakers, they were marked by a more rigid social structure and greater population density. The Luiseno were organized in sedentary or semi-sedentary autonomous villages (Sparkman 1908; Strong 1929) . Each village had a territory, roughly thirty miles square, which contained several different hunting, fishing and collecting areas in different ecological zones. Most of the Luiseno foods, according to Bean and Shipek (1978:551) , "were available within a day's travel of the village". Seasonal moves to exploit resources outside their territory occurred during several weeks of the year. Based on ethnographic data describing the social organization of the Luiseno, Hudson (1971) has suggested that their settlement/subsistence patterns should consist of large village sites, surrounded by smaller satellite gathering camps and resource procurement areas (Hudson 1971:69) . Two named Luiseno villages/rancherias may have been located within or in proximity to the project area (O'Neil and Evans 1980: 227; Oxendine 1983) . Oxendine (1983:143-144) lists several place names for the Elsinore area derived from Kroeber (1907 ) , Harrington (1933 ) and DuBois (1908) . Paayaxtci , a place-name for Lake Elsinore, may refer more specifically to the old Machado ranch (Oxendine 1983 :144 ) and may be identical to the rancheria Las Lagunitas, listed by Lisalde in 1797 (Bancroft 1884 cited in Oxendine 1983) . Etengvo Wumowmu referred to the Elsinore hot springs area (O'Neil and Evans 1980: 227; Oxendine 1983 :144) . Both the hot springs and the lake itself had religious significance to the Luiseno/Juaneno. At Paayaxtci , "man was created out of the mud of the lake" (Harrington 1933 cited in O'Neil and Evans 1980) . Etengvo Wumowmu was the spot where the legendary religious leader Wiyot died after his people attempted to cure him with waters from the sacred hot springs (DuBois 1908:199) . Luiseno territory was bounded on the south by Agua Hedionda Creek, on the north by Aliso Creek, and on the east by the Elsinore Fault Valley (Bean and Shipek 1978) . The Luiseno were Takic speakers who are hypothesized to have been a part of the so-called Shoshonean Wedge, an influx of people from 6 the interior which displaced indigenous Hokan speakers to the north and south (Bean and Smith 1978) . The Luiseno collected a number of plant foods. Seeds and acorns were important vegetal food items. According to White (1963 ) , the acorns of the live oak provided approximately 50% of the Luiseno diet, while seeds made up another 15-25%. A number of other fruits, , berries, bulbs and roots were utilized as medicines, beverages and materials for manufacture as well as food. Game comprised an estimated 15% to 25% of the Luiseno diet (White 1963) . Deer, antelope, rabbits, jackrabbits, woodrats, mice and ground squirrels were hunted, as were a number of birds. Stone tools such as manos, metates, mortars and pestles were used to process plant materials and pulverize small game. Hunting was accomplished through the use of arrows tipped with chipped stone points, or fire-hardened at the tip. The Luiseno were known to have travelled from the interior regions of their territory to the coast. Romani and Wlodarski (1986) citing Byrnes (1976) refers to a trail which connected the Native Americans who lived on the coast to those of the Elsinore area. According to Byrnes (1976) "the Indians who lived in the Corona-Elsinore-Temescal region came to the coast in the summer by way of E1 Potrero de los Pinos-San Juan Hot Springs trail (Ortega Highway) . They took three days for the journey on foot, camping the first night at E1 Potrero de los Pinos , the second night at San Juan Hot Springs, and the third night at San Juan Capistrano or the beach" (Byrnes 1976) . Living Juanen0/Luiseno relate accounts of a trek along the E1 Potrero de los Pinos-San Juan Hot Springs Trail (Shipek 1979) . One such story was told to a Juaneno/Luiseno informant by his grandmother: They went to Pala because of lack of food at the mission. They had to survive by hunting and gathering. The padres would not give us any food, since they didn't have any left for anyone else. The padres and soldiers would eat the many melons, squash and watermelons which they grew in their enclosed gardens in the patios, and the rinds they would throw to the Indians. So we had to leave the mission. Also, disease was severe -- typhoid, venereal disease, and TB. Those that stayed here died from lack of food (Shipek 1979) . Several informants expressed knowledge of such a trek from San Juan Capistrano to the Temecula region. One related that the "Indians escaped from the mission and had come up the Ortega toward Elsinore. . .soldiers had chased them on horseback but got only as far as horses could go. . .so the Indians came down at Lake Elsinore" . Other informants recalled that the 7 "Indians went into the mountains to Lake Elsinore" , or that they "went into the mountains to hide" (Shipek 1979) . In later times, sheep were herded into the Pala region by way of this trail (Shipek 1979) . Historical Background The recorded history of the project area has been dominated by several major themes. During its early years, the vicinity was used as a travel corridor for explorers, missionaries, and trappers. The theme of travel continued with the Butterfield Stage route, the coming of the railroads and the construction of highways through the area. During the Mexican or Rancho Period the area was used for running livestock. While early development of the project area coincided with the growth of the town of Elsinore, the area was predominantly used for agriculture early in the American Period. Recreational development of the project area had its heyday in the 19201s, although the lake is used for recreation to this day. Residential development of the area surrounding the town of Elsinore began in the 1930's and its population continues to grow until the present. Spanish Explorers and Missionaries While early Spanish explorers such as Juan Batista de Anza and Pedro Fages may have travelled in proximity to the project area, the first European expedition to have made recorded reference to the Laguna Grande, or Laguna Temecula as it was called by the early American surveyors, was that of Franciscan Padre Juan Santiago. Santiago had been sent from San Juan Capistrano to find a site for a new mission. In October of 1797, he crossed the Elsinore Mountains overlooking the lake on his way to the village at Temecula (Hudson 1978: 5 ) . A second European, Leandro Serrano, majordomo at Pala moved into the area in 1818. Serrano moved into Temescal Canyon just north of the project area, and in 1824 built a home along Temescal Creek which is said to be the first private dwelling in Riverside County (Hudson 1978 :6 ) . During the 1820's and 18301s, American trappers and mule drivers passed through the area (Hudson 1978:6) . Rancho or Pastoral Period Mexican governor Manual Micheltorina granted La Laguna Rancho, an oval shaped tract consisting of 13 , 338 acres including and surrounding the lake, to Julian Manriquez . The grant, which did not extend much further than the lake itself, was confirmed on June 7 , 1844 (Rush 1965:80; Duffield 1987: 1) . Upon Manriquez' death in 1852 , the ranch was sold to Abel Stearns for $4215 (Rush 1965 :80; Duffield 1987 : 1) . El Rico (The Rich) , as the Angelino Stearns was known, was famous among the Californios for his practice of lending large sums 8 of money, then foreclosing on the ranchos which had been put up as collateral (Hudson 1978: 10) . In 1858, Stearns sold the Rancho La Laguna to Augustin Machado. Machado and his wife built a seven-room adobe near the southwest corner of the lake, within or very near the project area. Machado's home, called "Rancho Rayo del Sol", was designated as a relay station for the 2700-mile Butterfield stage line, and for two years, until the start of the Civil War in 1861, the adobe hosted cross country travellers and served as a link in transcontinental mail transportation. During the Civil War, the stage route was used by war couriers who probably stopped at the adobe (Hudson 1978:10) . Augustin Machado died in 1865 leaving one-half of his estate to his widow and one-half to be divided among his 12 children. The widow and eleven of the children sold their shares to Charles A. Sumner in 1873 for $29000 (Rush 1965 :80; Duffield 1987:2) . The oldest son, Juan Machado retained a 500-acre pie shaped lot with access to the lake in its southwestern corner. The Machado holdings consisted of two homes, a few outbuildings and livestock consisting of cattle, sheep and horses which would become the nucleus of later large herds (Hudson 1978 :14 ) . According to Hudson (1978) , the original Machado home was located outside of the project area near what is now Machado Street and Grand Avenue. The Machado home that has been incorporated into the Robert McGill residence near the corner of Grand and Riverside Avenues was built by son Juan Machado, later referred to as Don Juan. C.A. Sumner entered the Lake Elsinore area in 1873 . Although he was a greenhorn, Sumner continued the practice of running livestock on the Rancho La Laguna. He ran sheep for the most part but also maintained cattle, horses and a "band of hogs" . He employed mostly Indians and occasionally Americans as herders, neither of which stayed on very long. A series of different camp houses was erected on various parts of the ranch. In winter, the sheltered camps in the canyons were used, summers were spent around the lake (L.A. Times 1918 in Cauch 1956-58) . Sumner was said to have built a frame house with a verandah near what is now the corner of Macy and Grand, perhaps within the project area (L.A. Times 1918 in Cauch 1956-58) . A small building that served as a kitchen was situated some 100 feet from the main building; its chimney was constructed by Sumner from adobe bricks which he manufactured himself under Indian instruction (L.A. Times 1918 in Cauch 1956-58) . Sumner planted the first Australian eucalyptus trees in the area. The these trees and their descendants are now widespread over most of the valley. Sumner was also the first American to note the potential therapeutic qualities of the 9 springs in the area. When the San Jacinto River became dry and the lake receded into a "stagnant pool in a sea of mud" , 300 springs in and around the lake became visible with its recession. In later years, most of these springs vanished, either covered by silt from the plowing of surrounding fields or as the groundwater disappeared (Hudson 1978 : 20 ) . The American Period - Early Development In 1883 , partners Franklin Heald, Donald Graham and William Collier became owners of the Rancho La Laguna. Franklin Heald occupied the house built by Sumner on the west side of the lake. His father, Wilson Heald, built a spacious, two-story home nearby. According to Hudson (1978 : 24 ) , the house was standing, "abandoned and forlorn" , in 1977, "located in a jungle of growth south and a little east of the corner of Grand and Riverside Drives" (Hudson 1978: 24 ) . This description would place the structure just outside of the project area. When the name Laguna was rejected for the railroad station in 1884 , Margaret Collier Graham, wife and sister of Graham and Collier, chose the name Elsinore for its pleasant sound. Henceforth, the town became known as Elsinore and the northern end of the Temecula valley was referred to as the Elsinore Valley. The town of Elsinore was vigorously promoted by the partners. Town lots (on the north side of the lake west of Main Street) were advertised at $45.00 and farm land was sold for $25.00 an acre. In 1885, Collier and Graham distributed an advertising pamphlet entitled Elsinore, A Home in Southern California (Cauch 1956-58) in which the town's founders expressed the desire to "sell in small tracts to actual settlers. . .and do all we can to encourage small holdings and immediate improvement" . An average lot was 35 acres in size, and 850 acres were sold in 6 weeks. The promoters encouraged potential buyers to "Be sure to drive around the lake, when you visit Elsinore. . .Drive the entire length of Grand Avenue - 10 miles. It is worthy of its name and its length. " (Cauch 1956-58) . Hudson (1978 : 25) noted that Grand Avenue, in 1885 , was much the same as it was almost 100 years later (Hudson 1978:25) . During this period, a storehouse which had been moved to the corner of Grand and Macy became Elsinore Valley's first schoolhouse (Hudson 1978: 25) . Edna McCoy, daughter of founder Franklin Heald, noted that this storehouse was part of the old Sumner house which may have been located within the project area (Cauch 1956-58 ) . In 1885, the California Southern Railroad completed a line through the area to San Diego which resulted in a land boom in the area. At this time, Graham and Collier withdrew from the partnership, leaving Heald in control of the entire lake perimeter with the exception of the pie-shaped Machado lot 10 which had been sold to George Irish in 1884 . As payment, Graham and Collier accepted lands south of Corydon Street and established the town of Wildomar (Hudson 1978: 25) . On April 231 1888, the city of Elsinore was incorporated, and in 1893 Riverside County was formed and the Cleveland National Forest was established. The USGS Elsinore 30' map of 1901 shows Lakeshore Drive, Riverside Drive and Grand Avenue in place. Structures are present along Riverside Drive, and along Grand Avenue from what is referred to as Willard to the Rome Hill area. Willard, a fourth class post office, was named after Frances E. Willard, a noted temperance leader. The post office was created in 1899 at the request of 25 families in the area (Gunther 1984 : 573 ) . The post office was located in Henry Farey's general store on the corner of Grand and Macy in the structure once said to have been occupied by C.A. Sumner and later by Franklin Heald (Gunther 1984 :573 ) . While the Willard post office was only in operation until 1902 , it appears on the USGS map in 1940 . Mining and Agriculture From the 1880's to the early 1900's, the area surrounding Elsinore was used for agriculture and various mining activities. Minerals such as coal , clay, oil, gold, asbestos, slate and natural gas were found in the surrounding area, the mineral hot springs became a tourist attraction and sulphur water was piped to all residents. The project area was heavily used for agricultural crops such as olives, apricots, citrus and vegetables. C. H. Albers of St. Louis, owner of the 442-acre Lakeland Ranch, was a pioneer in the olive business in the Elsinore area. The Lakeland Ranch was famous for its Albers' Folly Brand of packed olives. The pressing, pickling and canning plant, located at what is now the corner of Brightman and Dowman in Lakeland Village (just outside of the project area on the southwest side of Grand Avenue) was said to be the largest in the state, and has since been converted to a private residence (Hudson 1978 :49) . After Albers' death in 1912, the ranch, consisting of 125 acres planted in olives, 20 acres in almonds and 8 in citrus, was sold to a Los Angeles syndicate for $100 ,000 . By 1917 , the olive operation was moved to Riverside (Hudson 1978 ;58) . Recreational Development During the late 19th and early 20th century, the yacht Marguerita ferried 50 passengers at a time across the lake and the steamboat Lady Elsinore cruised with bands on board for the entertainment of passengers. By 1916 , it was reported that steamboat made regular trips and stopped at the foot of every street to load and unload passengers to use the many 11 bathhouses on shore (Lake Elsinore Valley Press 7/7/1916 ) . Elsinore founding father Frank Heald built both a steamboat and a pier at the foot of Maiden Lane (Frank Heald longhand notes in Cauch 1958 Vol . 1) . Maiden Lane, Heald recalled, was named for the spinster Foote sisters. In 1926, the Clevelin Realty Corporation constructed the Aloha Yacht Club consisting of a pier, swings and playground with adjoining arched-roofed pavilion. To accommodate the changing levels of the lake, a second floor was added to the pier which extended over the lake from a spacious clubhouse. This recreational complex also contained a large oval dance floor where orchestras played for dancing (Hudson 1978 :71) . Ornamental concrete lamp standards lit the pier area of the Aloha Yacht Club which remained in use for many years as the focal point for boat races (Hudson 1978:71) . Today, all that remains of the Aloha Beach complex are the pier foundations, retaining walls and pier access, which are found within the project area along the north shore of the lake. The structures were removed following the 1980 flood (Hampson 1991a:45) . On the south shore, the Clevelin Realty Corporation purchased the Lakeland Olive Ranch in 1929 in preparation for subdividing and improving lakefront lots (Hudson 1978 :72 ) . During the 19301s, their "ship pier" in Lakeland Ranch became a popular attraction. The pier was built to resemble a lavishly appointed ship. It was 200' long, weighed 200 tons and had a 100' long room on top of it. The pier was mounted on railroad wheels so that it could be brought down to the water on tracks and was fitted so as to enable small boats to dock. The "ship pier" later became known as the Showboat and remained a popular attraction for many years (Hudson 1978 : 77 ) . A photograph in the January, 1965 Laguna Review showed the Steamboat, once a place for "sodas, dancing and watching the water" falling into decay. Another major recreational project along the south shore was the Southern California Athletic and Country Club. In 1923 , a group of Los Angeles businessmen announced plans to finance the "greatest country club in America" . The proposed Southern California Athletic and Country Club would consist of a $300,000, 40-room clubhouse along Grand Avenue on the south side of the lake. The entire lake as well as many acres of adjoining lands were to be purchased. Construction began early in 1924 , and by mid-year, an 18-hole golf course located within the project area on the west side of Corydon Road was opened. Within a year, the golf course was abandoned due to financial setbacks. The clubhouse had been completed, but would never be used for that purpose, and the 2900-acre lake was offered to the city for $60 ,000 (Hudson 1978:68) . When the athletic club failed to open by 1928, some Elsinore residents filed suit. On February 21, 1929, the club 12 announced bankruptcy, and the clubhouse was awarded to its contractor, Meyer and Holler. During the early 19301s, the club came to the attention of Major Glen Conklin and Captain P. A. Jones who had brought a group of cadets from the Pacific Military Academy in Los Angeles to summer at Lake Elsinore. Arrangements were made to purchase the clubhouse and the 2900- acre lake, and in 1933 , the Elsinore Naval and Military School was established. The school continued under the leadership of Conklin until his death in 1976 when its name was changed to Lake Elsinore Military Institute. The school moved to Redondo Beach in 1977 (Hudson 1978 :68) . Fluctuating Lake Levels The fortunes of the project area have been tied to the lake's fluctuating levels. The lake was reportedly very low or dry in 1810, 1830 , 1859 , and 1883 . In 1841, 1862, 1864 , 1884 , and 1916, the lake overflowed its banks, and was very full from 1852-1868 1884-1893 1922 1927 and 1940 Hudson 1978 : 156 . With the diversion of its sourcewaters by the Hemet Dam in 1892 and the Railroad Canyon Dam in 1928 , the lake began to become increasingly dry. In 1951 it became completely dry for the first time in recorded history (Hudson 1978 : 157 ) . The dust bowl that the dry lake created lasted well into the 19601s. When the dry lake bed was ceded to the California State Department of Beaches and Parks in 1956, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers became involved in efforts to stabilize the lake level (Hampson 1991a) . Efforts were made to refill the lake with well water and with water from the Colorado River in the early 1960's (Hampson 1991a) . Unfortunately, the higher water levels made any flood episodes more disastrous , and in February of 1980, the lake rose 3 ' in 24 hours and 7 ' in one week (McDaniels 1980) . This natural disaster resulted in destruction of 696 trailers which had been used as permanent residences as well as the destruction and damage of more than 250 permanent structures (McDaniels 1980) . RECORDS SEARCH At ARMC's request, a cultural resources records search was performed through the Eastern Information Center, Department of Anthropology, UCR (RS #1263) . The inventory's site records , maps and manuscripts were reviewed as were the National Register of Historic Places Vol. I, II, California Historic Landmarks (1982) and the California Inventory of Historic Resources. Also reviewed were the USGS Elsinore 30' Series topographic map of 1901 and the USGS 15' Series map of 1942. Additional archival research was performed by ARMC staff using records housed at the Lake Elsinore Branch Library as well as the research library housed at ARMC. The Eastern Information Center indicated that cultural resource surveys have been conducted on scattered portions of the project area and that four archaeological sites have been 13 recorded within project boundaries. Six additional sites have been recorded within a one-mile radius of the project area. Numerous structures appear on the 1901 and 1942 USGS maps. One property, the Crescent Bath House, 201 W. Graham Avenue is listed in The National Register of Historic Places. In the California Inventory of Historic Resources, the Crescent Bath House is described as "an outstanding example of California eclecticism typical of the southern California boom of the 1880's. The baths were supplied by mineral water from artesian wells flowing at a temperature of 132 degrees. The site was also used for washing local laundry " (p.52) . The Inventory also lists Elsinore's Hottest Sulphur Springs at Graham Avenue at Spring Street: "This flowing spring of 110 degree water was the foremost of a group of mineral springs which prompted the settlement of the town of Elsinore in 1883 . The ornate Crescent Bath House was built here in 1887 . Point of Historical Interest" (p.55) . This property is located approximately 200 meters (m) north of the project area. Results of Records Search: Surveys Records housed the Eastern Information Center indicate that five archaeological surveys have been conducted within the bounds of the project area (see appendix) . An area south of Lakeshore Drive between Langstaff Street and Lowell Street is plotted as having been surveyed in 1937 , but no report of the survey or its results is available. The boundaries of this survey appear to coincide with those of the City Park/Marina (Planning Area 1) . The City Park/Marina was the terminus of a survey conducted in 1984 by Lerch and Smith of the San Bernardino County Museum Association. Lerch and Smith surveyed the proposed location of a channel to direct inflow from the San Jacinto River, approximately three miles of an outflow drainage, and part of the City/Park Marina Area in the vicinity of the outflow. Prehistoric site CA-Riv-2798, believed to be the Native American locality of Atengvo (Etengvo) , was formally recorded as a result the study. Also referred to as the Elsinore Hot Springs site, it was recorded on the basis of both field observations of the surveyors as well as a review of a private collection of artifacts which were recovered during construction of the baseball diamond. Subsequent test excavations were conducted at the site and are discussed in another section of this report. In 1974, the proposed location of the Ortega flood control channel, in the southwest corner of the lake, was surveyed by Michael C. Gardner of the Riverside Municipal Museum. Gardner inspected an area of unknown width from Grand Avenue to the lakeshore, a distance of approximately 8001 . No cultural resources were located during the study. 14 Portions of the project area in the vicinity of Rome Hill were covered as part of larger study (660+ acres) conducted by Christopher Drover in 1980 . Three isolated flakes were noted during the survey, one, a chert flake was observed on top of Rome Hill. In 1990, a comprehensive survey of the entire lake perimeter was conducted by personnel from Infotec, Research, Inc. and Greenwood and Associates for the Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District (Hampson 1991a) . The study area consisted of the portion of the area surrounding the lake between the elevations of 1262 and 1267 feet above mean sea level . Four sites were located during the survey, two prehistoric sites , one historic site, and one site with both prehistoric and historic components. Three sites (CA-Riv-4043-H, -4044/H, and -4045) are located within the present project area. Test investigations were conducted on CA-Riv-4045 and will be discussed in a later section of this report. In 1990, the Elsinore Valley Community Development Corporation (EVCDC) completed a survey designed to identify those buildings and special features of the Elsinore Valley "with notable historical significance" (EVCDC 1990) . The scope of the project, which considered only those properties built prior to 1950, took over nine months to complete and included both field and archival research. Initially, a review of the Historic Resources Inventory of the State Department of Parks and Recreation, 1981-2 was completed. Subsequently, a physical inspection was made of sites and structures both within the city and its designated sphere of influence. Historic Resources Inventory forms were completed for the resources following interviews and verification of County records as to the current status of each resource. The survey resulted in the identification and recording of many cultural resources, some with special historic significance, within the City and its sphere of influence. Some structures which had been identified in 1981-2 were found to be no longer present due to fire, urban renewal , demolition and/or deterioration. The Committee recommended that the list be updated every 10 years. Nine structures or features were identified within the project area as a result of the 1990 study. Of these, two are considered to be significant structures by the EVCDC and one is a "locally recognized structure" according to the Lake Elsinore General Plan EIR (PBR 1989) . Five structures or features have been identified in areas adjacent to the study area. Of these, two are considered to have special significance. 15 Results of Records Search: Archaeological Sites CA-Riv-4045 was described as an occupation site containing chipped (cores, worked flakes, a biface and waste flakes primarily of basalt) and groundstone (manos, mortars and pestles) as well as midden deposits. Burned bone and fire- altered rocks were also noted. The site was said to occupy an area of at least 250 x 230 meters. However its boundaries were obscured by residential development (Hampson 1991a) . Test excavations were conducted on portions of the site in June of 1991; a report of these investigations is pending (Dibble 1991) . Preliminary data suggest that the site contains two cultural components. Radiocarbon dates from the upper component indicate that the site may have been occupied during the very late San Luis Rey II period. Small milky quartz projectile points and a small triangular concave base basalt point represent this component. The lower component is said to be 6000 years old based on geologic context (Hampson 1991b) . Excavation units revealed cultural deposits exceeding three meters in some areas (Hampson 1991b) . CA-Riv-4044/H consists of the remains of Holiday Park (constructed for small mobile homes in the mid-1960's and destroyed in the 1980 flood) and a broadly dispersed prehistoric lithic scatter. The prehistoric component consists of a dispersed scatter of flakes, cores, hammerstones and fire-affected rocks covering an area of approximately 490 x 260 meters (Hampson 1991a) . CA-Riv-4043-H is composed of the "Aloha Beach" pier foundations, retaining walls, related foundations and pier entry parking area which cover an area approximately 200 x 30 meters. Apparently the pier was damaged and dismantled as a result of the 1980 flood. This recreational complex was constructed in 1926 by the Clevelin Real Estate Company to promote real estate development in the area (Hampson 1991a) . CA-Riv-2798/H consists of the remains of the prehistoric Native American locality referred to as Atengvo Wumowmu (Lerch 1984) as well as a historic deposit related to the Lakeview Hotel (Hampson 1991a) . During his 1984 survey, Lerch noted lithic waste flakes, groundstone fragments and one area of dark midden along the west bank of the outflow channel between Lakeshore Drive and Graham Avenue. Lerch also reviewed a private collection that had been gathered during construction of the baseball diamond on the east side of the outflow channel. These artifacts, consisting in part, of basin metates, stone balls and a stone discoidal, suggest an Early occupation for the site. Cogstones, artifacts diagnostic of Early sites, were reportedly found at the Springs area by Elsinore consulting engineer, F.R. Shanck who wrote in 1950: 16 Two very unusual Indian stones (were found at the springs) . These are discs about 6" in diameter, about 1 1/2" thick. They have holes through the center and cup-shaped depressions all around their edges something like a crude wheel hub. My father sent these to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington for their study. They returned them saying they had never seen anything like them but said they were probably some sort of ceremonial stones (Cauch 1956-58) . Testing of the prehistoric component of CA-Riv-2798 revealed a cultural deposit reaching a maximum depth of 2.5 m (Lerch 1987) . On the basis of the presence of an Elko-eared projectile point and larger bifaces, the site was assigned to the Pauma Complex, although the presence of numerous slab metates and the relatively high proportion of chipped stone artifacts was more suggestive of San Luis Rey I. The test program resulted in the recommendation that the site was eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places in that it met criterion (d) in that it has "yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important to prehistory or history" ( 36 CRF 60.4 [d] ) . Additional testing was conducted in 1990 (Hampson 1991a) . While the historic component (trash deposits attributed to the former Hotel Lakeview) was the focus of the test program, prehistoric materials were also recovered. The prehistoric assemblage, which included an eccentric crescentic and a Pinto-type projectile point confirmed a Pauma occupation for the site, while the presence of stone bowls and portable mortars suggested that the site may have been occupied into the later periods (Hampson 1991a) . Testing of the historical component at CA-Riv-2798 confirmed that the trash deposit was associated with the Hotel Lakeview, demolished in 1970. The deposit was found to be typical of hotel trash of the era with the exception of its reflexion of the local temperance laws (Hampson 1990) . The deposit was found to lack stratigraphic integrity and to have been highly disturbed by the activities of pot-hunters. For these reasons, the prehistoric component was determined to lack research potential and was thus determined ineligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion (d) (Hampson 1991a) . Results of Records Search: Structures/features Rippey Ranch/Juan Machado Home (15410 Grand Avenue) . This Mediterranean/Spanish Revival, Vernacular Adobe residence is considered to have special significance. It is "L-shaped in plan with a Spanish-tile gable roof, (and has) three chimneys with an arch connecting two of them, stucco siding, double hung windows with iron grillwork, horizontal slat vents under 17 each of the three gables and four entrances. One of the rooms in the house is of adobe brick construction and is the remains of the original Juan Machado home dating to (around) 1873 . A tiled patio is found in the back around a swimming pool . A carport-garage-shed, tankhouse, entry gate, stucco wall . . . and walnut grove are also (found on the property) " (Mead 1990) . The current home was constructed in 1948 . Don Juan Machado was the son of Augustin Machado, the original grantee of Rancho La Laguna. After the death of his father in 1865, Don Juan inherited this 500-acre, pie-shaped parcel which had access to the lakefront. Although his acreage was significantly less than that of his father, Don Juan was able nonetheless to increase his herds and thus his prosperity. The adobe of the Don, a "contented man of great wealth" was described in a 1874 article in Harper's magazine (Nordhoff 1874 ) . The adobe was oblong and contained three rooms. The front room was the store, or shop, where he dealt out calicoes, sugar, coffee and other dry goods and groceries, besides grape-brandy, to his Indians and any others that chose to come. The next room, which had no windows, contained two beds in which his three young boys slept. It contained also the materials for the family sewing and a closet. The third room, which held Senor M's bed and a fireplace, was also our dining room; and here, presently, a coarse but clean cloth was spread and three women and a little girl began to lay the table and spread the supper. At the end of the house, a small room had been built on for the kitchen; opposite to that was a spacious storeroom in which hung "carne seco" , jerked beef from the rafters; bloody sheets of meat which looked unfit to eat but which made a savory stew; while on the other floor two or three young lambs were confined which, by and by, succeeded in getting out and came bleating into the dining room. Beyond the house itself, about 15' distant, was a clay oven for baking bread, covered with a raw bull's hide, the hairy side downward, intended to keep the top dry in case it should rain; and beyond this, a few feet further off, marking the boundary of what western people call their "yard" was a range of open shanties, which, in riding up, I had innocently taken for cattle sheds. Here, close to the house, Indians lived. Nordhoff continues to describe the typical adobe: An adobe house, no matter what is the wealth or condition of the Californian who lives in it, is 18 simply a long range of rooms. It is one story high, P Y 9 9 Y 9 , has a piazza roof in front, an earthen floor, usually no ceiling, a tile roof, and each room, or all but one in the house where there are grown and unmarried daughters , has a door opening on the verandah. One room, at the end of the long row, has no outward door, and only a narrow window. In this room it was customary for respectable people. . .to lock up their unmarried, but marriageable daughters about sunset, to preserve them from the temptation of young men. While Don Juan sold his acreage to George Irish in 1884 , he continued to live in the adobe as late as 1890 (Duffield 1987 : 2) . Mr. Irish described the old ranch in an early letter: The Juan Machado Ranch house had 1 x 12" boards for the floor and ceilings were 2 x 12" beams with a five inch floor on top. The Machado boys slept upstairs, though there was no stairway. There were four rooms. A small room at the south end of both front and back porches (front and rear were alike) (Cauch 1956-58 ) . From the 1920's to the 19401s, the ranch was owned and improved by Charles Rippey, and was referred to as Rippey Ranch. In 1947 , Mrs. R.K. Gill inherited the adobe and 225 acres, and began to improve the old house. It was reported by Gerard D. Gunn in the 1948 issue of the Southern California Rancher (Cauch 1956-58 ) that: She and Mr. McGill have reconstructed the old Machado house into a beautiful modern home, surrounded by well-cultivated, prosperous acreage. In remodeling the old dwelling, the original Spanish pattern was followed closely, and the ancient sycamores and cottonwoods, from which it is said several horse thieves "swung" in the days of the dons, have been carefully preserved. In one of the walls of the adobe was found a large rifle ball , presumably very old. The February, 1962 issue of the Laguna Review featured the McGill residence, noting that the additions were stuccoed in pink and roofed in red tile. According to this article, the living room and master bedroom are the original rooms which housed the store and waiting room for the stage line. The McGill home was listed as a Heritage Home in a volume published by the Lake Elsinore Bicentennial Committee and Elsinore Valley Historical Society in 1976 . According to author O'Brien (1976 ) , the original Machado fireplace is still 19 present within the house, but has been plastered over and a dead "hanging" tree, covered with ivy, is pictured (O'Brien 1976) . Villa Vernellia (32876 Marie Drive) . This Vernacular wood frame residence was built in 1923 by architect and builder Spencer Moore and is considered to have special significance. The house is "square in plan with a very low composition hip roof. . .has clapboard siding, newer aluminum frame and plate glass windows and an overhanging second story. The plate glass windows face the lane (sic - lake?) and provide a panoramic view. A gate in front of the home and one on the side each have a sign identifying the house as the "Villa Vernellia" . A large deck has been added over the carport in recent years. This home, constructed of native stone and brick, was one of the heritage homes designated in 1976 . It is currently owned by Bonnie and LoVae Pray" (Mead 1990) . Lake Elsinore Christian High School and Elementary School/Southern California Athletic and Country Club (15900 Grand Ave) . This complex of structures was built in 1925 for the proposed Southern California Athletic and Country Club but was never used for that purpose. In 1933 , it was purchased by Major Glen Conklin who established the Elsinore Naval Academy and Military School . Upon Major Conklin's death in 1976 , the school's name was changed to the Lake Elsinore Military 0 Institute. After the military school was moved to Redond o beach in 1977 , the buildings saw use as the Lake Elsinore Christian High School and Elementary School. The two storied main building is E-shaped in plan with a Spanish tile hip roof. It "has a Mediterranean/Spanish style le with Moorish and Italianate elements. . .A centered double door under a semi-circular window in a recessed arched portal has a decorative terra-cotta panel with five urns and a California bear on it. Two wrought iron lamps flank the portal as do pairs of arched double hung windows under the larger arches with Moorish-style latticework. Similar windows are found on the sides of this protruding entry to the building. Two Moorish-style towers flank the main entry, each having arched windows with sidelights , Moorish-style latticework and a decorative parapet capped with four large urns at the corners and eight small urns in-between. In the walls under these towers are three narrow arched windows in a candelabra arrangement. On each side of the building are wings with rectangular arched windows and doorways under the center arches. An Italianate roofline with curvilinear brackets is found on these two wings. The only non-symmetrical aspects of the building are a second story room over the left side of the main entrance and a screened-in patio over the right side and the main building itself. Moorish-style pilasters flank some of the windows" (Mead 1990) . 20 Residence (16242 Grand Avenue) . This Vernacular Wood Frame house is square in plan with a shed-roofed side extension. "The two-story house has a wood-shingled hip roof, exposed rafters, and a copula with a hipped roof, exposed rafters, and a copula with a hipped roof and exposed rafters itself. Clapboard siding sheathes the house which has double-hung and diamond-mullioned windows. Latticework and an extended pergola are attached to this house which has tall trees and dense shrubbery surrounding it" (Mead 1990) . While it was estimated that the house was constructed in 1897, its owners stated that it rests on a 200 year old foundation. Residence (16370 Grand Avenue) . This Bungalow was built in 1926 , is unaltered and is in excellent condition. "Rectangular in plan with a gabled square veranda added on the right front corner, this house has a composition shingle gable roof, exposed rafters, purlins, wood shingle siding, double hung windows and square porch posts at three corners of the veranda. A latticework gazebo is also on the property" (Knight 1990) . Residence (16980 Grand Avenue) . Built in 1929 , this Mediterranean/Spanish Revival style house is rectangular in plan with a Spanish tile gable roof. It has "stucco siding, three mullioned-window double doors, mullioned and plate glass windows and a porch across most of the front with square porch posts and curvilinear brackets. Tall trees shade and surround this lakefront house which has a small fishpond" (Mead 1990) . The house is notable as a "very good example of the Mediterranean/Spanish style and its excellent unaltered condition makes it a valuable architectural resource from the late 1920's building boom in the Elsinore Valley " (Mead 1990) . Community Hall/Grand Avenue Civic Association Clubhouse (17470 Grand Avenue) . This Vernacular brick building was built by volunteers and was completed in 1948 . It is "rectangular in plan with a composition shingle roof, stucco siding under its front-facing gable, brick walls on the first story, a double door entrance under a hip roofed canopy suspended by cables, and a shed-roofed wing on the left side" (Mead 1990) . Residence (32980 Garner Road) . This Vernacular Wood Frame and Stone residence was built in 1930 . It is "rectangular in plan with composition gable roofs and appears to be two buildings joined together. . .The stone half to the left has a massive river rock chimney, stone walls set in concrete and vertical slats under its front-facing gable. The wood frame right half has exposed rafters, clapboard siding, a rock base wall, a bracketed gable overdoor and a large bay window with low arch over it" (Knight 1990) . Lake Elsinore/Etengvo Wumowmu/Laguna Grande. As a natural feature, the 2900 acre lake which is seven miles long and two 21 and one-half miles wide, is listed in the Historic Resources Inventory (Mead 1990) . Structures/features adjacent to the project area listed in the Historic Resources Inventory. Billy Frank Home (20679 Grand Avenue) . This Mediterranean/Spanish Revival house, built in 1929 , was considered to have special significance by the EVCDC. It is "rectangular in plan with one wing having a gable tile roof with stucco siding. A simple porch with double rails is found at the front side of this house in a rural setting with a tankhouse, guest house, outhouse and wishing well" (Knight 1990) . Although architecturally significant, the house was also the home of Billy Frank, a noted oil man and constable in Lake Elsinore. Barn-shed/olive oil press (20225 Grand Avenue) . Built in 1896, this Vernacular wood frame barn-shed is considered to have special significance by the EVCDC. It is "rectangular in plan with a composition shingle gable roof, tongue-in-groove siding, exposed rafters, a plywood door, some plywood side panelling and double-hung windows. Inside the shed is a very old olive oil press, a remnant of the days when the Lakeland Olive Ranch was operating. The interior walls were of adobe composition" (Mead 1990) . Residence (17149 Grand Avenue) . This Vernacular adobe has Mediterranean/Spanish Revival elements and was built in 1922. It is "L-shaped in plan with a Spanish tile gable roof, a brick end chimney, stuccoed siding and plate glass and mullioned windows" (Mead 1990 ) . Related features include a barn and an adobe outhouse. Residence (16109 Grand Avenue) . This Bungalow was built in 1922 and is "rectangular in plan with a composition shingle gable roof. It has a brick end chimney with a corbelled cap, exposed rafters, a horizontal slat vent in the front-facing gable, clapboard siding, a centered door flanked with mullioned windows, a porch with four porch posts, two on each side with latticework between them. It is in excellent unaltered condition" (Knight 1990) . Ortega Highway (Intersection of Ortega Highway and Grand Avenue) . Built in 1925 , the Ortega, State Highway 74 , is a two-lane, asphalt road extending from Grand Avenue in Lake Elsinore on the west side of the lake through E1 Cariso Pass in the Elsinore Mountains, down San Juan Canyon to San Juan Capistrano in Orange County, a distance of 21 miles. Portions of this road were in use by the mission padres as early as the 1770's (Mead 1990) . 22 FIELD SURVEY AND RESULTS A field survey of limited portions (see appendix) of the project area was conducted July 8 - 16 , 1991. The field crew consisted of the author, Kim Holanda, Jean Moessner, Carleton Jones and Mary Zugmeyer. Field position was determined by a comparison of the natural terrain to the USGS 7.5' topographic map and with the assistance of a detailed project map (scale 1" = 100' ) . The areas surveyed were covered in parallel transects with the crew spaced at roughly 15-20 meter intervals. On the larger parcels of land, the crew members walked north-south or east-west transects back and forth until the area was covered. Around the margin of the lake (the level of which at the time of our survey was approximately 12301 ) , the area was covered in transects oriented to the shoreline, moving in and out as necessary to examine the accessible terrain. Since the study area crossed a multitude of private properties, many of them fenced and posted with "No Trespassing" signs, many areas remain unsurveyed. Ground surface visibility varied considerably. In areas that had been recently disced, such as along Riverside Drive in northwest corner of the lake and in the fields surrounding the Military Academy, the visibility was excellent. Along the south shore however, many areas were choked with impenetrable vegetation, and in the vicinity of Rome Hill, fields that were not disced were covered with dry grasses and mustard which hampered visibility. The project area has been subject to numerous forms of land disturbances for many years. Human disturbance factors include both agricultural and residential development, as well as massive grading for flood control purposes. Additionally, the flooding of 1980 resulted in the destruction of many homes and businesses around the lake, the ruins of which were subsequently cleared by bulldozers leaving little except for widely scattered debris and certain larger landscape trees. The field survey resulted in the recording of two prehistoric archaeological sites (given the temporary field designation of ARMC #1 and #2) , several occurrences of isolated prehistoric artifacts, and two areas of historic interest (designated ARMC #3H and ARMC #4H) . 1 Prehistoric Cultural Resources l \ARMC #1 (see appendix) consists of a dense scatter of prehistoric lithic artifacts and fire-affected rock covering an area roughly 500 meters (m) north-south by 125 m east-west. The site is located approximately 70 m to the west of the recorded location of CA-Riv-4044 and may be part of the same site. However, since the two areas are separated by an inlet channel that enters the lake from the northwest and since no 23 cultural materials were present between the two scatters, a separate designation was given. Prehistoric materials were observed extending from the terminus of Joy Street sloping gently to the water's edge in an area that has been periodically inundated by rising and falling lake levels. Artifacts noted included four manos and mano fragments (granitic and sandstone) , three granitic pestles, two metasedimentary hammerstones, 7 cores/core tools (metasedimentary and quartzite) , many waste flakes of metasedimentary and quartzite raw material, a biface midsection (chalcedony) and a complete metasedimentary biface. Both biface specimens appear to be unfinished pieces. Because of a recent discing, surface visibility was very good in the site area. The soil here was a dark sandy silt which was covered in spots with a thin veneer of light sand. The site may have extended further to the west at one time, but the area adjacent to the site has been graded away, presumably for a boat launch. A widely dispersed scatter of historic materials including opalized glass, ceramics, brick fragments and butchered bone were present just to the north of the prehistoric materials, although no concentrations were � apparent. � U' �ARMC #2 (see appendix) consists of a metasedimentary core �y tool, a possibly retouched quartz flake as well as three metasedimentary waste flakes which were observed in a field at the corner of Riverside Drive and Grand Avenue, northwest of and adjacent to the McGill property (the area immediately surrounding the McGill property, formerly the Machado adobe, was fenced and therefore was not physically inspected during the current study) . The site area has been disced in the past, and at the time of our survey, the ground surface was heavily obscured in areas by a dense growth of waist-high mustard. The soil in the vicinity of the artifacts was a dark brown sandy silt, with very few rocks present. The observed cultural materials may represent a locus of CA- Riv-4045, or may be part of one large site whose continuity has been interrupted by years of human and natural disturbance. Scattered "isolates" were noted in the general vicinity of CA-Riv-4045 which may indicate that this site was considerably larger. CA-Riv-4045 (see appendix) was field-checked during the present study and was found to be as previously described (Hampson 1991a) . Numerous fire-affected rocks, flakes, cores, manos, flake and core tools were observed within the site area extending to the shoreline and perhaps beyond. In addition, a ceramic sherd (Tizon brownware) was observed. 24 CA-Riv-4044 (see appendix) was also field-checked and found to be substantially as described. An additional granitic mano/pestle was observed at the western border of the site. Isolated artifacts A total of five isolated prehistoric artifacts was observed during the field survey, four of which (Isolate #'s A-C; ) are found to the east and west of CA-Riv-4045 and may represent parts of a continuous site the boundaries of which have been obscured by development. These artifacts include a metasedimentary utilized primary flake (#A) , a granitic metate 33 fragment and a metasedimentary flake (#B) , a bifacial, heavily 3 6- 1 end-battered schist mano and haliotis fragment (#C) and a small, metasedimentary hammerstone (#D) . � 3 Historic Cultural Resources ARMC #3H (see appendix) consists of a grouping of ornamental light standards found at the end of Perret Street which appear to date to the 1930's and may be related to the Clevelin Real Estate Corporation's promotional developments in Lakeland Village during that period. A grouping of six such standards is found in two rows that parallel the lakeshore. Four are found in the row closest to the lake, and the second row consists of two standards. The standards are spaced roughly 25 m apart in each direction and are partially incorporated into residential yards. An isolated standard is found at the corner of an adjacent abandoned woodframe house on the south side of Perret Street. The pole appears to have been moved to that location as it is connected to the house by electrical wiring. The standards resemble fluted Greek columns. A meander design is found around the capital, and a floral design is found at the base. On the USGS Elsinore 15' map dated 1942, two streets in the Lakeland village area extend into the lake and are presumably docks. These streets appear to be Rose Avenue and Blackwell Ny I�N Boulevard. Perret Boulevard runs parallel to these streets, � one block south of Blackwell Boulevard. M ARMC #4H (see appendix) is a badly deteriorated pumphouse located in the southeastern portion of the project area near Rome Hill. The simple woodframe structure appears to have been built in the late 19th or early 20th century and may be Vi related to the Lakeland Olive Ranch operations as a number of olive trees are found within the parcel. The structure is square in plan, roughly 5 x 5 meters. Eight by 8" hand hewn posts, set in concrete, support a siding of horizontally placed 2 x 8" boards which are held in place by vertically placed 1 x 21s. Square nails were noted. The structure 25 apparently once had a slightly pitched roof which has been replaced with plywood of a more recent vintage. The pumphouse has a dirt floor and a simple door on metal hinges. The well and a small bench are found within. The structure has been surrounded in part by chainlink fence of recent origin which has been erected using the original 8 x 8" fence posts. Within the parcel surrounding the structure, are found the collapsed remains of a smaller structure, perhaps a small shed, and scattered trash consisting of mainly hardware items such as wheels, hinges, tools, etc. A trailer pad is also present. A dirt road leads to the remains of a residence which has apparently been demolished by bulldozer. The house, situated on the hill overlooking the valley to the southeast, appears to have had a composition shingle roof and to have been constructed, at least partially, of adobe bricks. Although the house appears to date to the 1930's or 19401s; it appears on neither the 1901 nor the 1945 USGS maps. A deposit of recent historic trash is found in a small gulley just downslope from the collapsed house. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS The prehistoric sites located within and near the Lake Edge project area appear to reflect a lengthy and intense utilization of the project area by Native Americans. While the sites appear to have been occupied by representatives of the Pauma cultures (Early) , there is evidence of occupation during the San Luis Rey I and II (Late) periods as well. While site boundaries are difficult to determine with the data at hand, it is possible that the sites located around the northwestern (and wettest) margin of the lake, may indicate a shifting settlement pattern in response to fluctuating lake levels, or a much larger site with multiple activity areas. The artifacts observed indicate that a variety of activities took place at the sites including plant processing, hunting, stone tool maintenance and manufacture, and perhaps ceramic manufacture. Evidence of possible ceremonial activity is reflected in the reported recovery of discoidals and cogstones in the vicinity of CA-Riv-2798. The Lake Elsinore Lake Edge Specific Plan project area has been subdivided into 17 Planning Areas (PA's) based on proposed land use. Historic and prehistoric cultural resources are found in many of the PA'S. Table 1 summarizes the resources found within each unit, its proposed use, and a relative sensitivity ranking based on both the actual resources present as well as its potential for yielding cultural resources. It should be noted at this time that much of the study area remains unsurveyed due to problems of accessibility (see appendix) . 26 TABLE 1. CULTURAL RESOURCES FOUND WITHIN THE LAKE EDGE SPECIFIC PLAN PROJECT AREA Plannins Area Proposed Use Resources Present Surveyed? Sensitivity Constraints PA 1 City/State Park&Marina CA-Riv-2798 1937;no report HIGH-prehistoric not known Lerch 1984 HIGH-historic Hampson 1991 PA 2 Restricted development/ CA-Riv-4043H Hampson 1991 MODERATE-prehistoric not known recreation HIGH-historic PA 3 Village residential/ CA-Riv-4044 Hampson 1991 HIGH-prehistoric private homes commercial ARMC#1 Del Chario 1991 MODERATE-historic residences PA 4 State park none recorded Hampson 1991 HIGH-prehistoric not known MODERATE-historic PA 5 Marina/marine none recorded Hampson 1991 HIGH-prehistoric not known commercial Del Chario 1991 MODERATE-historic PA 6 Village residential/ CA-Riv-4045 Hampson 1991 VERY HIGH-prehistoric private homes commercial ARMC#2 Del Chario 1991 VERY HIGH-historic vegetation Machado home 15410 Grand PA 7 Residential C CA-Riv-4045 Hampson 1991 VERY HIGH-prehistoric vegetation Del Chario 1991 VERY HIGH-historic 27 TABLE 1. CULTURAL RESOURCES FOUND WITHIN THE LAKE EDGE SPECIFIC PLAN PROJECT AREA(CONTD) Planning Area Proposed Use Resources Present Surveyed? Sensitivity Constraints PA 8 Visitor serving/ CA-Riv-4045 Hampson 1991 VERY HIGH-prehistoric vegetation commercial two isolates Del Chario 1991 VERY HIGH-historic along shore Lake Elsinore Christ.school 15900 Grand PA 9A Residential A Villa Vernellia Hampson 1991 MODERATE-prehistoric private homes 32876 Marie Del Chario 1991 HIGH-historic residence 16242 Grand residence 32980 Garner residence 16109 Grand PA 10A Restricted development/ residence Hampson 1991 MODERATE-prehistoric private homes recreational 16370 Grand Del Chario 1991 HIGH-historic residence 16990 Grand PA 9B Residential B ARMC#3H Hampson 1991 MODERATE-prehistoric private homes isolated artifact Del Chario 1991 HIGH-historic PA 9B Residential A residence Hampson 1991 MODERATE-prehistoric private homes 17149 Grand+ Del Chario 1991 MODERATE-historic PA 10B Restricted development/ none recorded Hampson 1991 MODERATE-prehistoric not known recreational MODERATE-historic PA 11 Residential B none recorded Hampson 1991 MODERATE-prehistoric not known MODERATE-historic 28 i TABLE 1. CULTURAL RESOURCES FOUND WITHIN THE LAKE EDGE SPECIFIC PLAN PROJECT AREA(CONTD) Planning Area Proposed Use Resources Present Surveyed? Sensitivity Constraints PA 12 Residential B none recorded Hampson 1991 MODERATE-prehistoric not known MODERATE-historic PA 13 Restricted development/ none recorded Hampson 1991 MODERATE-prehistoric not known recreational MODERATE-historic PA 14 Restricted development/ none recorded Hampson 1991 MODERATE-prehistoric not known recreational MODERATE-historic PA 15A Residential B ARMC#4H Hampson 1991 MODERATE-prehistoric vegetation Del Chario 1991 MODERATE-historic fences Drover 1994 PA 15A General commercial/ none present Del Chario 1991 LOW-prehistoric vegetation office commercial LOW-historic private home PA 15B Residential B none recorded not surveyed MODERATE-prehistoric not known MODERATE-historic PA 16 Residential B none recorded not surveyed LOW-prehistoric recently LOW-historic developed 29 TABLE L CULTURAL RESOURCES FOUND WrMIN THE LAKE EDGE SPECIFIC PLAN PROJECT AREA(CONTD) Planning Area Proposed Use Resources Present Surveyed? Sensitivity Constraints PA 17 General retail/ B.Frank home not surveyed LOW-prehistoric recently office commercial 20679 Grand+ LOW-historical developed Barn-shed/ olive/oil press 20225 Grand+ + indicates properties adjacent to or near the project area but not within it 30 The prehistoric sites surrounding Lake Elsinore may be eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places as an archaeological district defined both by their geographical position as well as their probable cultural affiliation. If that is the case, these sites represent a unique opportunity for archaeological research. Once intrasite relationships have been established, the sites should be regarded as a cohesive unit for investigation. Since different classes of data may be derived from studying the sites as a unit rather than individually, a regional research design should be created to serve as framework to guide future research. Common research goals would serve to coordinate the activities of investigators in the area as well as to facilitate communication between them. Specific Recommendations CA-Riv-2798. The historic component at CA-Riv-2798 was tested and determined to be ineligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (Hampson 1991a) . While no further archaeological investigations are recommended for this component of the site, following Hampson (1991a) , it is recommended that a pamphlet be created for public circulation incorporating existing data and photographs compiled as a result of the test investigation along with materials in public and private collections. The prehistoric component, however, was determined to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register under criteria (d) in that it has yielded or is likely to yield information about local prehistory. Therefore the site should be preserved if at all possible. If preservation is not a feasible alternative and if the site will be impacted by any proposed development, the program of data recovery outlined by Lerch (1987 ) and expanded upon by Hampson (1991a) should be implemented. CA-Riv-4043-H. Following Hampson (1991a) , if the site will be impacted by development, archival and informant research should be conducted to establish whether this site is historically significant on a local basis. CA-Riv-4044. This site is potentially significant and should be avoided if at all possible. If this course of action is not deemed feasible, a program of Phase II (test-level) investigations should be implemented in order to evaluate the horizontal and vertical extent of the site, its cultural affiliation, and the integrity and complexity of any sub- surface deposits. The test program should include, but not be limited to, a mapping and collection of all surface artifacts as well as the excavation of a number of test units . Mechanical trenching may also be desirable in order to 31 ascertain site limits. A data recovery/mitigation plan can then be created based upon the results of the test. CA-Riv-4045. Limited test excavations have been conducted at CA-Riv-4045, but the final report is not yet available (Dibble 1991) . Although a determination of eligibility has not been made as of the date of this report, the site is potentially eligible for nomination to the National Register under criterion (d) in that it has yielded or is likely to yield information important to the prehistory of the area. If the site is to be impacted by development, a data recovery/mitigation plan should be implemented based on the findings of the test investigation. ARMC #1. This site is potentially significant and should be avoided if at all possible. If this course of action is not deemed feasible, a program of Phase II (test-level) investigations should be implemented in order to establish the horizontal and vertical extent of the site, its cultural affiliation, and the integrity and complexity of any sub- surface deposits. The test program should include, but not be limited to, a mapping and collection of all surface artifacts as well as the excavation of a number of test units. Mechanical trenching may also be desirable in order to ascertain site limits. Further recommendations , if necessary, will be made based upon the results of the test. A data recovery/mitigation plan can then be created based upon the test data. ARMC #2. Similar recommendations are made for ARMC #2. It is potentially significant and should be avoided if possible. If avoidance is not possible, the site should be tested in order to determine its vertical and horizontal limits , the complexity and integrity of any subsurface deposit as well as its cultural affiliation and any relationship to the other sites in the area, particularly CA-Riv-4045. A 100% mapping and collection of surface artifacts as well as the excavation of a number of test units is recommended with further recommendations dependent on the nature of the test results. ARMC #3H, ARMC #4H. These sites are potentially significant in that they may be associated with people and/or events important in local history. Additional archival and field studies will be necessary to ascertain their significance. If the two sites are found to be significant, a plan of mitigation can then be developed and implemented. Previously Recorded Historic Structures. Similar recommendations apply to the recorded historic structures found within the project area. Two of these structures, the Machado Home and the Villa Vernellia, have already been identified as having sp ice signs icance, at least on a local level. If any of these structures will be impacted by development, additional archival research and field studies ko 32 will be necessary to ascertain the significance of the structures in order to develop and implement a plan of mitigation. Buried Cultural Deposits While the potential for encountering potentially significant historic cultural resources is high throughout the entire project area, the area along Grand Avenue between Riverside Drive and Macy Street is especially sensitive. Archival research performed for this study as suggested that buildings related to the Machado ranch and the G. A. Sumner home may be located in this area. Further archival research should be conducted in order to pinpoint more precisely the locations of these resources and their possible significance. This phase of investigation should be conducted as soon as potential impacts are identified in order to formulate and implement an appropriate plan of mitigation. Because of the presence of several large prehistoric sites with poorly defined boundaries, the northwest margin of the lake can also be said to be highly sensitive for prehistoric resources. Within the areas which were surveyed as a part of the present study, all earth-moving activities should be monitored by a qualified archaeologist in order to assess the significance of any cultural materials which might be exposed during grading. Additional Survey Due to budget limitations and restricted access, not all acreage within the project area was subjected to a systematic walkover survey (see appendix) . The records search performed through the Eastern Information Center indicated that many parts of the project area have never been surveyed for cultural resources. These areas are found primarily in the vicinity of Rome Hill, although the unsurveyed areas around the north end of the lake should be examined as well. It is recommended, therefore, with the exception of those areas that have been recently developed, that the remainder of the project area be resurveyed prior to its development. 33 REFERENCES CITED Bancroft, Hubert Howe 1884 The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft. Vol . 18-29: History of California. A. L. Bancroft & Company, San Francisco. Bean, Lowell J. and Florence Shipek 1978 Luiseno. IN Handbook of the North American Indians, Vol . 8, California. R. F. Heizer, ed. pp. 550-563 . Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Bean, Lowell John and Charles R. Smith 1978 Gabrielino. In, Handbook of the North American Indians, Volume 8, California, edited by R. F. Heizer. pp. 538-549 . Washington, D.C. , Smithsonian Institution. Bettinger, Robert 1974 Dating the Perris Reservoir Assemblages. 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The Resources Agency, Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 1982 California Historical Landmarks. The Resources Agency, Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. Dibble, D. Stephen 1991 Personal Communication. Senior Archaeologist, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District. 34 Drover, Christopher E. 1980 An Archaeological Assessment of Proposed Wastewater Treatment Facilities at the Southeast End of Lake Elsinore and Railroad Canyon, Riverside County, California. Prepared by Albert A. Webb Associates for the Elsinore Valley Municipal Water District. Ms . on file, UCRARU (MF 761) . DuBois, C. 1908 The Religion of the Luiseno Indians of Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(3 ) : 69-186. Berkeley. Duffield, Anne Q. 1987 Archival Study of Historic Lake Elsinore. Prepared by Infotec and Greenwood and Associates for the Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District, Contract No. DACW09-86-D-0034 . Elsinore Valley Community Development Corporation 1991 Survey of Historical Structures and Sites , Lake Elsinore, California. Ms. on file, Lake Elsinore Branch Library. Fenenga, Franklin 1953 The Weights of Chipped Stone Points: A Clue to their Functions. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9( 3 ) : 309-323 . Albuquerque. Freeman, T. A. and David M. Van Horn 1990 Salvage Excavations at the Walker Ranch: A Portion of a Late Prehistoric and Historic Luiseno Village (CA-Riv-333) . Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 26(4 ) : 1-50. Costa Mesa. Gardner, Michael C. 1973 Expected Archaeological Impact of the Ortega Channel Flood Control Project, Elsinore, California. Prepared by the Riverside Municipal Museum for the County of Riverside Parks Dept. , Ms . on file, UCRARU (MF 52) . Gifford, E. W. 1918 Clans and Moieties in Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 18(1) : 155-219 . Berkeley. Gunther, Jane Davis 1984 Riverside County, California, Place Names; Their Origins, Their Stories. Rubidoux Printing Company, Riverside. 35 Hampson, R. Paul 1991a Cultural Resources Survey and Test Excavation, Lake Elsinore, California. Prepared by Infotec and Greenwood and Associates for the Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District, Contract No. DACW09- 90-D-0004. 1991b Personal Communication. Harrington, J. P. 1978 Annotations. IN Chinigchinich: A Revised and Annotated Version of Alfred Robinson's Translation of Father Geronimo Boscana 's Historical Account of the Belief, Usages, Customs and Extravagancies of the Indians of the Mission San Juan Capistrano Called the Acagchemem Tribe. Malki Museum Press, Banning. Hornbeck, David 1983 California Patterns: A Geographical and Historical Atlas. Mayfield Publishing Company, Palo Alto. Hudson, D. T. 1971 Proto-Gabrielino Patterns of Territorial Organization in Southern Coastal California. 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Prepared for the Elsinore Valley Municipal Water District. 36 Lerch, Michael K. 1984 Cultural Resources Assessment of the Proposed Lake Elsinore Management Project, Riverside County, California. Prepared by the San Bernardino Museum Association for Engineering Science. Ms. on file, UCRARU (MF #1937 ) . 1987 Archaeological Studies at the Elsinore Site: Test Excavations at CA-Riv-2798 , Lake Elsinore, Riverside County, California. Prepared by UCRARU for the Elsinore Valley Municipal Water District. Ms. on file, UCRARU (MF #839) . McCarthy, Daniel 1987 Archaeological Studies at Wildomar, CA-Riv-2769 , Riverside County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 23 (1) : 1-46 . Costa Mesa. 1988 An Archaeological Assessment of a 5 .4 Acre Parcel of Land Located in Lakeland Village in Western Riverside County, California. Prepared by UCRARU for Thomas Brothers Development Corp. Ms. on file, UCRARU (MF #2463 ) . 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O'Brien, Edna 1976 On the Banks of PAAYAXTCI. In Lake Elsinore Heritage Homes. Published by the Bicentennial Committee and the Elsinore Valley Historical Society. Ms. on file, Lake Elsinore Branch Library. O'Neill , Stephen and Nancy H. Evans 1980 Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2( 2) . Malki Museum, Banning. Oxendine, Joan 1983 The Luiseno Village During the Late Prehistoric Era. Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Riverside. Phillips Brandt Reddick 1989 Lake Elsinore General Plan Environmental Impact Report. Ms. on file, Lake Elsinore Branch Library. Rogers, Malcolm J. 1939 Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River and Adjacent Desert Areas. San Diego Museum of Man Papers 3 . San Diego. 1945 Outline of Yuman Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1( 2) :167-198. Albuquerque. Rogers, Thomas H. 1965 Geologic Map of California, Santa Ana Sheet, Olaf P. Jenkins edition, California Division of Mines and Geology. Romani , John and Robert Wlodarski 1986 Draft Report on Extended Phase One Investigations at Four Sites (CA-Ora-26, CA-Ora-656, CA-Ora-1102 , CA-Ora-1103 ) Along Ortega Highway (07-Ora-74 P.M. 1 . 7/5 . 3 ) , Orange County, California. Caltrans , District 7 , Los Angeles. Rush, Philip S. 1965 Some old Ranchos and Adobes. Ne yenesch Printers. San Diego. 38 Shipek, Florence 1979 Ethnographic Overview and Ethnohistorical Background. The San Luiseno/Juaneno. IN Cultural Resources and the High Voltage Transmission Line From San Onofre to Blackstar Canyon. Prepared by Cultural Systems Research Incorporated (CSRI) for Southern California Edison. Sparkman, P. 1908 The Culture of the Luiseno Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4 ) : 187-234. Berkeley. Strong, W. D. 1929 Aboriginal Society in Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 26. Malki Museum, Banning. True, D. L. 1958 An Early Complex in San Diego County, California. American Antiquity 23 ( 3 ) : 255-263 . True, D. L. and G. Waugh 1981 Archaeological Investigations in Northern San Diego County: Frey Creek. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3 (1) :84-115 . Wagner, Hugh M. 1991 Paleontologic Resource Assessment Conducted for the Lake Edge Specific Plan, Lake Elsinore, Riverside County, California. By ARMC for Phillips Brandt Reddick. Wallace, William J. 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11( 3 ) : 214-230. Albuquerque. Warren, Claude N. 1968 Cultural Traditions and Ecological Adaptation on the Southern California Coast. IN Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States, C. Irwin-Williams , editor, pp. 1-14 . Eastern New Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology 1( 3) . Portales. 1967 The San Dieguito Complex: A Review and Hypothesis. American Antiquity 32( 2) : 168-185. White, Raymond C. 1963 Luiseno Social Organization. University of California Press. Berkeley. 39 Wilke, Philip J. 1974 Settlement and Subsistence at Perris Reservoir: A Summary of Archaeological Investigations. IN, Perris Reservoir Archaeology: Late Prehistoric Demographic Change in Southeastern California, IN, J. F. O'Connell, P. J. Wilke, T. F. . King and C. L. Mix, eds. , pp. 121-133 . California Department of Parks and Recreation Archaeological Report No. 14, Sacramento. 40 APPENDIX . -w—...�s� } � - -.`. �L�q", � -;. �_ :� `-. ^• 4 ,4� ��i.�Qisaas{�-_.- raaa l�- - --- - �� `�7�i{l l�V `� r[-//,��`��' --•I���;"`fn w� � ����''(( �f' c •r3.r�• '\.\. �` ��•�. .�.� ate':'; Ct - � ✓ �'�' � 1.i�. ,t( , � �, . �`J��G,�J�'1� ��' �• r - ,� �- ` }� .�� � .gin'+• r � �. � r `).f r•. aim %k may' � — �`-�— — - i�+{ y '�.q�iry - � k.! • — ��� � �••.�'* �� _.._-F=LDS �"�J��� R� -- -- _' ,�' � = � �"'• ''\�• '� il`�' .� •'� U►., t t - 1260 _ - - LL 91 � �•. `; _ — _ _ -- _ ---- •"9f _ "3 �' �' +ram - '. - : _--- __ ._ - .1 '4• I I , . 21 10 OV 1 � � � � r 1 • •, �'«ram •• `. _ _ _ �r_ f 7, a r � �•'� 'O • � _ _ T Du) i Qon ti , S , i '• a? \4 r •.�e �� --4�- .F, - � - - �' •}. � ,r •, a•C a-..jBJ�-_-^,1'": 'F'Q � i. ���' _ •�`" �` .;tip.. 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"��• -- __ _ _� _ _-�. - - .- _ --5°`i _ _ _ -. �`, ��"; P /�/7{ll�`.:-��� �)1�U.E, $R � �� �✓ Y• b. � � - _- -_ •� - - - � 'S 1. • j�r i�• ', z �1�3 ,;i as t}l 4 l uJ,�3j" sr jJ lt7 I •.firf;,dye S r po _ - ` � ��`�.� �,1 � 1J ✓ , • lr=Y/�� Res rvaila +•w tJ _ _ ___ -� - \ - - � �d r it 11�•-�LL�♦♦' � � �7� 11/� � / .�, y` .per Lfo •o ti� _ i it z rr3 •.`c1 Lio: . ��/\ ,� •fir' e � ` 00� r� r } ems+ ,► 1 •� t �.:-�•; � � - O� `i•5BM t^�� y'r" =�' "� •� -f7^. ,'0' !a '40 1 IN, rMIMM --- rr/f• - er�� aJ,�_-.�,._ rr� a �a_. 1 Limits of Field Survey. ~✓ <_"'•• �' ,,��°o► �` Taken from USGS 7.5'Series Topographic Map,Composite of Alberhill rev. 1988 Lake Elsinore rev. 1988 and Wildomar (rev. 1973) Quadrangles. t Olt}`'" 29 loon 0 1000 1fg0 300o a000 5000 6000 7000 BEET 1 5 0 1 KILOmETER v! 42 -' , +��•+. �`r Ize>' ! __'�? .�-R7v-0OfW/.a a A' '� � �Q � ��� ���' (J �"� .e �•.. 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Rej IA.L 'p •nr•Ira • �• S3 1 I .• `�$'•� •d' F ARMC#4H JJ�1• d" � ]Q6` •+��T � � � :: � y �^. •�a'a tee.. f Q� a``aalg Location of Cultural Resources. r ''� °� ^'``•, p1j1, o� ? a Taken from USGS 75 Series Topographic Map, Composite of Alberhill (rev. 1988),Lake Elsinore (rev. 1988) and i •� M� :- Wildomar(rev.1973)Quadrangles. ��• r rC. , � `\ 2 31 r?eeR 1000 0 IDOD 2000 3000 /000 5000 6" 70M FEET : � uP1•tOS J '•• 1 5 0 1 KILOMETER '] 43 + :• .�� •�1•f�1 �i�� .•,ery.... 1 �wrga�Qiscasai � di ��� —1 �O 1 �I���,�`. I ,c1 1 t3a2" ,,f��f/_� �+-:' �' 1� 'y = —_ _ — � � ', •%.. �-�!"•• a � ��, `lf�,f'i } r V �� f.(T�� 2 ,'��- �:` '�/'�:. '± /.� �•�� —'---�_ HAMPSON 1941 •� .�a. � � � Q• � �, •4 �, �,( ° HAMPSON 1991 C� •�'yyy A^ ♦_y• / _ _ _ -__� .-ii' ,i6 _4 � .�� 1 �, .� a1.r:�-Lti�.Y .L,`• r I` ^'1 I IJ tI�S+ }� ZQn. +• - - — r x " LERCH 1984 ` 43 1 t 1937 SURVEY �' •r-='. � i. i �4� / (l��'/l ! - f,P. �. �vim• � 4 '� _�iz�r��-�..����-�ii � - - [a� _ - '�. ..�. f y � �-i�-._� v � l� • /'. 1-Y_ARDNER1973 N. 12, " lI .�• �_ -• A — __ aa" r �* �`-- lbs . ��. ���_, � � . , ..r R. gyp$ � _ � - _ _ _ s � r•. CRC:, \'.1', �` ��.7� ;� -: �� � `$'= �" - — �— — -, .�-�- �� - _ �Sam - �'� 19` •�::, ON 1991 } r .�w�-h ;i�li�''�r,J� �/ '.ri� � ar raa,,•,, ••.• , _ — — - - t � Z -- 1_ dL,� �'/ ,;i1 � (,' \ .- ram• e' \ a �'� � � \9 �'• @ 1�' _, +°• 'r\� - - - - r; •100A_• °+sr+111.i DROVER 1980 Areas Previously Surveyed. ' ;\ 'y Taken from USGS 7.5 Series Topographic Map,Composite of Alberhill(rev. 1988),Lake Elsinore(rev. 1988) and �' e" �a ' N. Wildomar(rev. 1973) Quadrangles. • s= 29 1 } 0 i MILE (� iftt'6. •, •�< t":,_=. • . 1000 0 1000 7000 3000 4000 51= 6000 JO00 FEET f - I 5 0 1 KILOIMETER 44 :¥ d� - . � . a . . � K: . . >y�//, / � _ � • ARMc #l. chalcedony bi£ace midsection. - zz • � r , ARMC #l. Ketasedimenta£y bi£ace. 45 facingARMC 41 . Areal view southeast. 7 . ARMC #1 . Areal view r �a .y j } �{ .1�P� �. ��t�. . '�• '.'�. ^^.,,5:N ram, facing northwest showing graded area on • of photograph. 1 { �k14 k � �• ��, _YWi r jp za 550A v .+.� .,..� !�... ad �ir1.:[�i'r:ssn��� i•a�- ,r�'�y:r_S r14Yt-.+.�tr'/, h� !r A� ic... ARMC #2 . Areal view facing northwest. ,�r"t, ' ARMC #2 . Metasedimentary core tool . 48 r` a .q. I� CA-Riv-4045 . Tizon brownware potsherd. a a y � +y @ ARMC #3H. Row of ornamental lamp standards . 49 �� 3 � � &• Pumphouse interior. � < . Detail of pumphouse wall . 50 ' RI-5540 1086903 w ' CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT RIVERSIDE/GRAND AVENUE CITY OF LAKE ELSINORE, CALIFORNIA November 25, 1992 Prepared for: ' BSI II Prepared hy ' Belh Padon LSA Associates, Inc. ' 1 Park Plaza, Suite 500 Irvine, California 92714 (714) 553-0666 RECEIVED IIv LSA Project #BSI201 ' MAR 2 3 995 eic t ' LSA Associates, Inc. ' INTRODUCTION ' This report presents the results of a cultural resources assessment conducted by LSA for the proposed improvements to the Riverside/Grand Avenue Inter- section in Lake Elsinore, Riverside County (Figure 1). This project is located in the City of Lake Elsinore, at the curve between Riverside and Grand, and ' includes an unsectioned portion of Township 6 South, Range 5 West (Figure 2). ' The purpose of this study is to inventory all known historic and cultural resource properties within the project area, and to assess whether they are significant or potentially significant according to the guidelines of the Califor- nia Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and according to the County of River- side guidelines for cultural resources. The cultural resource report contains four sections: 1) archival research, 2) in-field reconnaissance, 3) statement of impacts and 4) recommendations. The purpose of the archival search and in- field reconnaissance is to identify potential cultural resources on or near the subject property, and to relate their locations to that of the proposed devel- opment. The remaining sections identify impacts and outline options to pre- serve any cultural resources. ' This report follows several applicable State and local cultural resources stat- utes, regulations and guidelines, including the archaeological guidelines established by the California State Preservation Officer, the Society for Cali- fornia Archaeology (King, Moratto, and Leonard 1973) and the Society for American Archaeology (McGimsey and Davis 1977). ' PROJECT PERSONNEL Pat Jertberg of LSA's Cultural Resource Division served as Project Archaeologist for this cultural resource analysis. Mari Parker, a Masters candidate in Anthropology at the University of California, Riverside, conduct- ed the record search at the Eastern Archaeological Information Center, locat- ed at UCR. The survey crew consisted of Pat Jertberg and Andrea Charrion. Beth Padon of LSA's Cultural Resource staff prepared the written report. Ms. Jertberg earned her M.A. degree in Anthropology from California State Uni- versity, Fullerton, and has 15 years experience in Southern California archae- ology. Ms. Padon has a Masters Degree in Anthropology from the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Both Ms.Jertberg and Ms. Padon are accredited by the Society of Professional Archaeologists. Ms. Charrion earned her B.A. in Anthropology from California State University, San Francisco. ' PROJECT SETTING The proposed development is located in southwestern Riverside County, in ' the City of Lake Elsinore, California. Figure 2 shows the project outlines on the Aberbill 7.5 and Lake Elsinore 7.5 U.S.G.S. minute topographic maps. 11"25/92(1:'.13S1201'.All(AH n') ' 15 247 ' San Bernardino County 1 215 ' San Bernardino 62 10 Riverside ' 15 91 11111110 Riverside County 111 ' 215 79 243 Palm Springs 74 74 ' — PROJECT 10 Orange LOCATION ' County 7s 15 74 5 371 86 ' 74 _ � 79 79 76 76 San Diego County 78 Escondido 78 Y[IL 1 Ll 15 f) ecxn 5 67 79 8 10/22/92(BSI201) Figure 1 ' N L�—A— Scale in Miles 50 Regional Location