HomeMy WebLinkAbout05/14/2008 PSAC Reports
CITYOFt.AKE ~LSINORE
VIS,'
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REGULAR MEE'lZING
AGENDA
MIKE NORKIN. .CHAlRMAN
DR. SHAWN .BHI:JTTA, VICE..cHAIRM'AN
NICOLE DAIL:EY, COMMISSIONER
AL LYONS, COMMISSIONER
DENNIS "JAY" STEWART, COMMISSIONER
ROBERT BRADY, GITYMANAGER
WWW.LAKE-ELSINORE.ORG
(951) 674-3124 PHONE
(951)674-2392 FAX
LAKE ELSINORE CULTURAL CENTER
183 NORTH MAIN STREET
LAKEEI:;SINORE, CA 92530
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www; lake~elsinore.orq.
In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, any persoR with a disability who
requires a modificatioR .or in 9licter to .' 'tein ameetin,,9' ~hould
contact the 'City:Clerk's Qffi'ce :"3124, ext. st 48 hours before the
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CALL TO:ORDER
PLEDGE:,()F,ALLEGIAN'eE
ROLL CALL
ryCommission on any matter
e,lmeeti:J;1g iCOR1lme:mts I irn.itad
CONSENT CALENDAR ITEMS
(All matters on the Consent Calendar are approved in one motion, unless a Commissioner
or any member of the public requests separate action on a specific action.)
1. Minutes
Minutes of regular PSAC meeting on April 9, 2008
Recommendation: Approve the minutes of the regular PSAC meeting dated April 9,
2008.
BUSINESS ITEMS
2. Citizen Corps Revised Draft Framework
Recommendation: Finalize Citizen Corps Draft Framework recommendation and
direct staff to prepare staff report for City Council consideration.
3. Public Safety Staff Position
Recommendation: Discussion and alternative recommendations.
4. Life Jacket Loaner Stations Update
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Recommendation: Receive and file.
5. Lakeshore Overlay District Subcommittee Survey
Recommendation: Receive and file.
6. Graffiti Process Survey
Recommendation: Receive and file.
PUBLIC SAFETY SUBCOMMITTEE REPORTS
CITY STAFF COMMENTS
PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISORY COMMISSIONERS' COMMENTS
PUBLIC COMMENTS
ADJOURNMENT
The Lake Elsinore Public Safety Advisory Commission will adjourn to a regular meeting to
be held on Wednesday, June 11, 2008, at 6:00 p.m. to be held in the Cultural Center
located at 183 N. Main Street, Lake Elsinore, CA, 92530.
AFFIDAVIT OF. POSTING
DArE
~
MINUTES
PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISORY COMMISSION
REGULAR MEETING
CITY OF LAKE ELSINORE
183 NORTH MAIN STREET
LAKE ELSINORE, CALIFORNIA
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 9, 2008
.........................................................................
CALL TO ORDER - 6:00 P.M.
Chairman Norkin called the Public Safety Advisory Commission meeting to order at 6:02
p.m.
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
The Pledge of Allegiance was led by Chairman Norkin.
ROLL CALL
PRESENT:
CHAIRMAN NORKIN
VICE-CHAIR BHUTTA
COMMISSIONER DAILEY
COMMISSIONER STEWART
COMMISSIONER LYONS
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ABSENT:
Also present were: Information/Communications Manager Dennis, Assistant City
Attorney Mann, Lake and Aquatic Resources Director Kilroy, Sergeant Yates, Traffic
Engineer Basubas and Clerk of the Board Munson.
PUBLIC COMMENTS
Lake and Aquatic Resources Director Kilroy made a presentation for Opening Day at
the Lake. The presentation related to the safety and use of life jackets, floatation
devices, fire extinguishers, distress and sound signaling devices.
COMMISSION APPROVES CONSENT CALENDAR ITEM
1. Minutes - Minutes of regular PSAC meeting on March 12, 2008.
Recommendation: Approve.
r" It was motioned by Commissioner Stewart, and seconded by Commissioner
Dailey to approve the Consent Calendar.
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The following vote resulted:
AYES:
CHAIRMAN NORKIN
VICE-CHAIR BHUTTA
COMMISSIONER DAILEY
COMMISSIONER STEWART
NOES: NONE
-".,.;
ABSTAIN: NONE
ABSENT: COMMISSIONER LYONS
BUSINESS ITEMS
2. COMMISSION DIRECTS STAFF TO FINALIZE THE CITIZEN CORPS
FRAMEWORK
Information/Communications Manager Dennis presented the staff report. He
indicated the City Council has made safety a priority. He stated one of PSAC's
goals is to organize and mobilize disaster response volunteers, which is an
important part of the City's Emergency Preparedness planning. He indicated the
vision of the sub-committee is for the City of Lake Elsinore to prepare its citizenry
for disasters of all kinds through public safety outreach, community emergency
response, team or CERT Training and volunteer opportunities through a new
Citizen Corps. He stated the framework is the first step in identifying how to
create a local Citizen Corps, determining who should participate, assessing
staffing needs, estimating program costs, and establishing the actual oversight or
Citizen Corps Council to oversee the program.
..,
Information/Communications Manager Dennis gave a brief overview of the sub-
committee, the overall goals, schedule and framework. He indicated the City
would like to start up its Citizen Corps Council and require the City Council to
approve the resources to accomplish this. He indicated approval of the final
framework will be accomplished in the next few weeks.
Vice-Chair Bhutta inquired what the initial and subsequent costs were going to be
and for each year after and also inquired as to how many volunteers were going
to be needed to get the program going.
Commissioner Dailey responded the initial costs for the first three years was
going to be $10,000. She also noted one of the components is to establish a
council that will develop an action plan which will encompass budgetary items
and evaluate the direction they want to take in the upcoming years. She indicated
12 volunteers were identified to sit on the council and to include reaching out to
other organizations to assist.
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Riverside County Emergency Operations Coordinator Quigley also provided an
overview on the goals and objectives of the Citizen Corps.
Public Works Manager Payne discussed the meetings staff has been attending
and the grants the City is pursing for emergency operation. He stated a grant
has been obtained by the City for $10,000 and plans to pursue other grants.
It was motioned by Commissioner Dailey, and seconded by Commissioner
Stewart to have City staff finalize and prepare the framework and bring back to
the May meeting in order to make a recommendation to City Council.
The following vote resulted:
AYES: CHAIRMAN NORKIN
VICE-CHAIR BHUTTA
COMMISSIONER DAILEY
COMMISSIONER STEWART
NOES: NONE
ABSTAIN: NONE
/"'"'
ABSENT: COMMISSIONER LYONS
3. COMMISSION RECOMMENDS A NEW PUBLIC SAFETY STAFF POSITION
Information/Communications Manager Dennis presented the staff report. He
noted the subcommittee believes that a new administrative staff position should
be considered during the current FY 08/09 budget process to oversee the
implementation of the proposed Citizen Corps and evolving Public Safety
Programs.
Chairman Norkin indicated that he agreed with the assessment and feels the
goals and objectives of Citizen Corps could not be accomplished without the
personnel that is needed which should include working on public safety
programs.
Vice-Chair Bhutta noted that he has been saying for months that the City needed
a grant writer, something this new position can do. He proposed, due to
budgetary constraints, that staff bring this item back with a job description and
the costs that are involved in filing this position.
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Commissioner Dailey stated the reason the sub-committee recommended a
higher salary was because they felt they needed someone with experience to
develop a program.
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Chairman Norkin stated that it was important, when it is explained to the Council,
to show them the tangible benefits of having this employee and not just the
theoretical side and show them how his person would help City staff in getting
their job duties done.
""
Commissioner Stewart recommended Information/Communications Manager
Dennis make the same PowerPoint presentation on the Citizen Corps
subcommittee to the City Council.
Chairman Norkin suggested staff draft a letter all Commissioners would sign that
outlines the objectives and recommendations.
Commissioner Dailey also recommended that staff include in the letter or in the
job description that this new position would include having a collaborative role
with other agency coordinators.
Vice-Chair Bhutta stated that the City needs to be careful with the job description
in order to retain someone good, and recommends the City put aside about
$85,000.
It was motioned by Commissioner Dailey, and seconded by Commissioner
Stewart to recommend to City Council approval of the creation of a new
administrative staff position and to submit a letter to Council from the
Commission regarding the recommendation.
'-III
The following vote resulted:
AYES: CHAIRMAN NORKIN
VICE-CHAIR BHUTT A
COMMISSIONER DAILEY
COMMISSIONER STEWART
NOES: NONE
ABSTAIN: NONE
ABSENT: COMMISSIONER LYONS
PUBLIC SAFETY SUBCOMMITTEE REPORTS
No reports given.
'-III
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CITY STAFF COMMENTS
Traffic Engineer Basubas provided a status report on the new traffic safety committee
initiated by the Lake Elsinore School District. He stated they are in the process of
selecting a consultant to work on safety and traffic circulation at their schools. He
suggested a PSAC member attend the next School District Traffic Safety committee in-
lieu of having a separate committee. He indicated the next meeting will be held on May
13th. He indicated he could also ask Mr. Greg Bowers to attend a PSAC meeting to
provide a report on their subcommittee.
Commission expressed their displeasure with not being invited or being involved in the
School Districts Safety Committee.
Information/Communications Manager Dennis indicated he would follow-up on why
PSAC was not notified of the School's Traffic Safety Committee meeting.
PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISORY COMMISSIONERS' COMMENTS
Commissioner Stewart suggested the Commissioner attend the City Council budget
meeting to show support for the new staff position.
Commissioner Stewart requested a status report on the newspaper rack ordinance.
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Information/Communications Manager Dennis stated he recently spoke with the City's
Code Enforcement Manager regarding the status of the news racks in front of the post
office and he indicated notices were sent out to the owners and now the City has the
authority to remove those news rack that are not in compliance. He indicated he will
provide a follow-up at the May 14th PSAC meeting.
Commissioner Dailey stated she would like to be involved on the Citizen Corps Council
to see that the program goes in the direction the sub-committee envisioned.
Vice-Chair Bhutta inquired on the update of the City's Web site.
Information/Communications Manager Dennis indicated a contract was approved by
City Council and staff is currently working directly with the consultant and anticipate the
City's new Web site will be up by July 2008.
Vice-Chair Bhutta inquired on the progress on the graffiti and fireworks flyers.
Information/Communications Manager Dennis responded there are several new goals
show up in other departments related to graffiti that will affect PSAC in terms of
outreach and communications. He indicated flyers will not be sent out because there is
a graffiti process survey in the works.
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Vice-Chair Bhutta expressed his concern with the SPAM e-mails he receives and would
like the City to look into a better SPAM filter.
,....."
Chairman Norkin inquired about the graffiti attack at the church.
Chairman Norkin inquired if anything has been communicated to the Downtown
Merchants Association about the problems occurring at City Park.
Sergeant Yates indicated sweeps of all the parks and schools will occur next Friday and
he will provide a report at the next PSAC meeting.
Chairman Norkin thanked the sub-committee for all of their hard work.
Commissioner Dailey requested an update at a PSAC meeting on what the City does
for the safety in City parks.
Commissioner Dailey suggested Commissioners attend the Safety Fair in June to
represent the City to present some of this information PSAC has been working on and
what the City is doing for citizens' safety.
ADJOURNMENT ~J,:t;; k-t.
It was the consensus of the Commission to adjourn to a siGR on May 14,
2008, at 7:00 p.m. in the Cultural Center located at 183 North Main Street, Lake
Elsinore, California, CA, 92530. ....,
Chairman Norkin adjourned the meeting at 7:20 p.m.
MIKE NORKIN, CHAIRMAN
PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISORY COMMISSION
ATTEST:
VIVIAN M. MUNSON
CLERK OF THE BOARD
,....."
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CITY OF .~
LAI(f: ,6,LSiNORE
V DREAM ExtREME...
REPORT TO PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISORY COMMISSION
TO:
HONORABLE CHAIRMAN
AND MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISORY COMMISSION
FROM:
MARK DENNIS
INFORMA TION/COMMUNICA TIONS MANAGER
DATE:
MAY 14,2008
SUBJECT: CITIZEN CORPS REVISED DRAFT FRAMEWORK
BackQround
An updated draft of the Citizen Corps Framework is attached. On approval by PSAC,
the framework will be submitted to the City Council for consideration.
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Discussion
The Citizen Corps Framework outlines a three year program for creating a local Citizen
Corps and Citizen Corps Council. The document contains an overview of risks (natural
disasters and manmade), an assessment of staff support requirements and an estimate
of program start up costs.
At the regular meeting in April, the PSAC directed staff to finalize the framework as part
of a two part recommendation for City Council consideration. A staffing proposal was to
be developed separately to accompany the framework recommendation.
The PSAC also directed staff to notify management about the Citizen Corps startup
costs and potential staffing costs, in order to reserve a placeholder in the draft FY 2008-
09 operating budget. This was communicated in the form of direct meetings with
management staff about the Framework draft, position listing and cost estimates.
Fiscal Impact
An initial request of $10,000 in the FY 2008-09 General Fund budget was
recommended by PSAC. This recommendation does not include any labor costs for
starting up the Citizen Corps Council. First year expenditures would be for equipment
and supplies, CERT training, supplies and establishing the Citizen Corps Council.
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Citizen Corps Revised Draft Framework
May 14, 2008
Page 2
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This fiscal year, revenue from new housing construction slowed to a trickle, forcing
more than $2 million in across-the-board reductions in expenditures to balance the
budget by year end (June 30).
Significant cost savings have been built into the FY 2008-09 operating budget to offset
any further reductions in projected revenue.
With the anticipation of lower revenue for the next fiscal year, the $10,000
recommended by PSAC for Citizen Corps start up costs is presently unfunded. For FY
2008-09, all departments have made reductions in budget requests. The draft budget
will be presented during a study session on Thursday, May 22,2008.
PSAC should still move forward with a recommendation for City Council consideration,
even though funding availability for the Citizen Corps program and support staffing is
uncertain at this time.
Recommendation
Finalize Citizen Corps Framework recommendation and direct staff to prepare staff
report for City Council consideration.
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Draft Citizen Corps Framework
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1. Introduction to the Framework
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A. Citizen Corps mission
1. The Mission of a volunteer-based Citizen Corps is to harness the power of every individual
through education, training and volunteer service to make communities safer, stronger and
better prepared for terrorism, crime, public health issues and disasters of all kinds.
2",.,
B. Statement of purpose
1. The City Council has entrusted the Public Safety Advisory Commission with the role of
assisting staff in furthering emergency preparedness Citywide.
2. Establishing a volunteer Citizen Corps to organize, train, equip and activate citizens during
an emergency is a desirable element of the City's emergency operations plan.
3. To this end, a Citizen Corps Subcommittee was tasked with developing a written framework
for creating a local Citizen Corps Council (CCC) and defining action steps to lead and sustain
the Citizen Corps once the CCC has been established.
4. The primary focus is upon establishing a permanent Citizen's Corps Council within six
months of the adoption of the Citizen Corps Framework.
5. An equal task is to evaluate staffing to carry out public safety and related emergency
preparedness activities and to make a budget rationale for authorizing a new Public Safety
position at such time as it is affordable.
C. A framework approach
1. The Citizen Corps Subcommittee has developed a step by step outline for establishing the
Citizen Corps Council.
2. The Citizen Corps Council will use this framework to prepare annual operating goals and
objectives, a program budget and an implementation schedule for the new Citizen Corps.
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2. Situation Analysis
A. Existing conditions and threats
1. The City of Lake Elsinore Emergency Operations Plan is the blueprint for responding to
extraordinary emergency situations, either natural or man-made.
2. The City's Hazard Mitigation Plan identifies and ranks vulnerability by type, including:
a. Natural Hazards
i. Wildland fires
ii. Earthquake
iii. Flooding
iv. Extreme weather
v. Landslides
vi. Insect infestation
b. Technology Hazards
"-'"
08_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_revc
Draft Citizen Corps Framework
r'- i. Dam failure
ii. Hazardous Materials (Hazmat) incidents 3
iii. Transportation emergencies
1. Highway
2. Airline/airport
iv. Pipeline/aqueduct incidents
v. Blackout
vi. Toxic pollution
vii. Nuclear incidents
c. Domestic security threats
i. Terrorism
1. Chemical
2. Biological
3. Radiological
4. Nuclear
5. Explosive
ii. Civil unrest
Hi. Jails and prisons incidents
3. For most of the scenarios described above, it is likely that emergency responders could be
overwhelmed by the sheer magnitude of the incident.
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B. Updating our risk assessment
1. A ranking of local jurisdiction vulnerability in 2004 depicts a city that is at the greatest risk at
any given time in the order shown:
a. Flood (see Appendix C)
b. Earthquake (see Appendix B)
c. Wildland fire (see Appendix A)
2. Today, this rank order is being reexamined, largely in the aftermath of California's
devastating 2007 wildfires and recent map and computer analysis of fire risk developed by
CAL FIRE. (see Appendix A)
3. Our conclusion is that the City of Lake Elsinore citizenry must be better prepared.
4. A prepared citizenry is the difference between effective self-help and merely waiting for help
that may not arrive for days.
C. Growth Impacts
1. From 2007 to 2008, Lake Elsinore's population grew from 47,669 to 49,807, a 4.5% change
according to the California Department of Finance. In 2007, Lake Elsinore was the 2nd fastest
growing city in Riverside County and ranked as the 3rd fastest growing city in the state.
2. Lake Elsinore consists of a 38 square mile area, including a 3000 acre lake, which is Southern
California's largest natural lake.
I""'" 3. According to the City's General Plan Update, Lake Elsinore's population is expected to reach
116,472 by 2030, based on preferred land-use densities.
DB_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_reVC
Draft Citizen Corps Framework
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4. These statistics underscore the need to proactively increase the City's emergency
preparedness through direct citizen outreach and involvement.
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D. Performance gaps
1. The City Council has made public safety its number one priority. Currently, the City spends
42%, or about $13 million of its $32 million operating budget on public safety; namely,
police and fire services.
2. Despite this commitment to public safety, first responders would be terribly spread thin in
the first hours or days of a catastrophic event such as an earthquake.
3. Even if spending on police and fire services were dromatically increased each year, the City's
vulnerobility would far exceed our Public Safety resources, because the City currently lacks a
unified volunteer organization to assist in the event of a major disaster.
E. Preliminary steps taken in the right direction
1. The City has taken positive steps to address the gap above; namely, increasing operational
readiness and emphasis on Emergency Preparedness Planning.
2. The City has obtained grant funding to equip the City Yard with portable emergency trailers
that contain emergency supplies and equipment to be deployed and used by trained CERT
volunteers.
3. The City has also increased its commitment to training its employees and has sent a growing
number of its workforce to CERT classes.
4. In addition, the City has regularly attended disaster planning meetings of the Southwest
Com group and participated in regional Emergency Operations Center training exercises.
5. The next step is to establish a permanent program for training and equipping citizen
volunteers using the national model for Citizen Corps.
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3. Background of Citizen Corps
1. Citizen Corps is a comparatively new management and coordinating program created by the
federal government in response to the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.
2. Many government and volunteer groups have expressed the value of having a recognized
organizational structure to gather volunteers and groups together to augment local emergency
planning efforts.
3. A general model exists for local Citizen Corps Councils, the basic structure of the Citizen Corps,
though the federal founding documents ultimately leave each locality to develop a suitable
structure using available resources.
4. The four charter federal programs of the Citizen Corps as defined by the Department of
Homeland Security are: Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), Neighborhood Watch
Program (NWP), Volunteers in Police Service (VIPS) and the Medical Reserve Corps (MRC).
5. Membership in the CCC is not limited to its core components. Other organizations that might
appropriately be members of a CCC include: American Red Cross, Business associations,
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DB_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_reVC
Draft Citizen Corps Framework
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Community Based Organizations, other agencies, non-profit groups (i.e., churches), clubs and
individuals.
6. A CCC is essentially a management and coordinating body, not an operational unit, though it is
closely linked to operational entities and first responders.
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4. Rationale for a Lake Elsinore Citizen Corps
A. Constant state of readiness
1. A Citizen Corps exists primarily to increase community awareness and readiness for a variety
of disaster scenarios through training volunteers and staff; through gathering resources and
equipping volunteers; through drills and emergency exercises; and through cooperation
with first responders in planning and mitigation assistance.
2. The Citizen Corps volunteers are not intended to replace a community's response capability,
but rather, to serve as an important supplement to it. The Citizen Corps is a volunteer
resource that is a part of the community's operational capability before, during and
following a disaster.
3. Citizen Corps provides continuing opportunities for voluntary involvement and participation
in a range of activities to make families, households, and communities safer from threats
and disasters of all kinds.
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B. Self-reliartce
1. Following a disaster, elements of a Citizen Corps, such as Neighborhood Watch and CERT,
can activate immediately to perform a vital role in disaster mitigation.
2. Most notably, Citizen Corp participants are trained to be better prepared and better
protected themselves, in order to effectively help their communities do the same.
3. The City currently has many volunteer organizations and resources from which to develop an
active Citizen Corps, as shown in Appendix D.
C. Maintain order
1. The City's Emergency Operations Plan is intended primarily to enable emergency service
coordination through preparation, training and mobilization in the event of a disaster.
Maintaining order is paramount to an effective emergency response and recovery.
2. By empowering citizens to prepare and protect their households and neighborhoods, first
responders can more effectively deploy to areas of highest need following a disaster.
3. Lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina include educating the public to be prepared to be
self sufficient longer than previously taught; that is, from 3 days to between 5-7, or more.
4. As witnessed during the Katrina incident, in the absence af first responders and trained
volunteers to fill this gap, order simply cannot be maintained.
,.....
DB_Citizen Corps Framework_PSACD514_revc
Draft Citizen Corps Framework
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D. Continuity of services
1. The main task of local government and first responders following an emergency is to
preserve or build-up the level of services needed to cope with disaster impacts.
2. A Citizen Corps can help narrow the gap between community expectations and community
assistance, so first responders can concentrate on their primary duties under the Incident
Command System.
3. A disaster response in many of the vulnerability scenarios that affect Lake Elsinore is the
shelter in place order. This would increase the City's reliance on trained volunteers to provide
assistance immediately following a disaster and up to several days or weeks afterwards.
~~
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E. Recovery
1. The principle philosophy of a Citizen Corps is getting the community back to normal
following extraordinary events or catastrophic loss.
2. Strengthening a community by educating and training citizens to be prepared before disaster
strikes, and self-reliance in times of a disaster are the primary benefit of a Citizens Corps.
5. The Role of CERT Volunteers in Emergency Preparedness or During a
Disaster
A. Overview
1. The goal of using volunteers as helping hands to prepare and respond to a disaster is to save .......,
lives and protect property.
2. The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) concept was developed in response to
the view that citizens most likely will be on their own during the early stages of a
catastrophic disaster.
3. CERT was implemented in 1985 by the LAFD, which concluded that basic training in disaster
survival and rescue skills could improve the ability of citizens to survive until responders or
other assistance is available.
4. CERT was selected as one of the primary programs offered to the American public in
response to President Bush's 2003 call to action for citizens to be prepared to threat of
disaster of all kinds.
5. In 1994, The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), under the auspices of the
Emergency Management Institute (EMI), expanded CERT training to prepare individuals to
help themselves, their families and their neighbors in the event of catastrophic disaster.
B. Family and hou.sehold preparedness
1. The CERT program can provide an effective first-response capability. Acting as individuals
first, CERT volunteers are trained to prepare in advance of a disaster event.
2. Depending on the severity and type of disaster, it may take from several hours to several
days for emergency responders to arrive. Therefore, immediately following a disaster-
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DB_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_revc
Draft Citizen Corps Framework
I""'"'
often up to 5-7 days or longer-individuals, households and neighborhoods may need to
rely on their own resources for food, water first aid and shelter.
3. Preparedness, planning, survival skills and mutual aid will make the difference
coping with the aftermath of disaster within the first hours and days.
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C. A Supporting role before first responders arrive
1. CERT volunteers are trained to respond in their neighborhoods and communities to address
immediate needs brought about by the disaster.
2. The Key CERT training functions include:
a. Fire Safety
b. Medical Operations
c. Light search and rescue
d. Disaster psychology
3. Acting as teams, trained CERT volunteers can fan out within their assigned areas performing
the following:
a. Extinguishing small fires
b. Turning off natural gas inlets to damaged homes
c. Performing light search and rescue
d. Rendering basic medical treatment
e. Helping disaster survivors cope with emotional stressors
".......
D. Specialized roles for advanced CERT members:
1. After completing initial CERT training, many seek to expand and improve their skills through
specialized training in the following areas:
a. Shelter management
b. Community relations
c. Donations management
d. Special needs concerns
e. Debris removal
f. Utilities control
g. Advanced first aid
h. Automated External Defibrillator use
i. CPR skills
2. Lake Elsinore is fortunate to have a diverse community and a broad pool of skills from which
to draw upon following a disaster.
3. The advantage of having a Citizen Corps program is the ability to increase public awareness
and attract skilled volunteers in advance disaster needs.
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08_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_revc
Draft Citizen Corps Framework
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6. Establishing a Lake Elsinore Citizen Corps & Citizen Corps Council
A. Overview
1. A sustainable Citizen Corps depends on an effective Citizen Corps Council, which would be
established to oversee public education on disaster mitigation and preparedness, citizen
training and volunteer programs to give people of all ages and backgrounds the opportunity
to support their community's emergency service.
2. Once established, the Citizen Corps Council will be responsible for developing goals and
implementing the program objectives, budget and timetable.
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B. Action Steps
1. The action steps below and tentative schedule are proposed:
1) Review draft framework (April 9)
2) Adopt final framework (May 14)
3) Budget & Staffing recommendation at FY 08-09 study session (May 14)
4) Council consideration (first meeting in June)
5) Public Safety staff recruitment and hiring (contingent on position listing approval)
6) Establish the Citizen Corps Council by Resolution (January 2009)
7) Adopt administrative procedures for the Citizen Corps Council (January 2009)
8) Register a local chapter with Dept. of Homeland Security (February 2009)
9) Revise action plan, implementation schedule and budget (April 2009)
10) Implement the plan following FY 2009-2010 budget approval (July 1, 2009)
......,
C. Citizen Corps Council Composition
1. Citizen Corps is managed at the local level by the Citizen Corps Council.
2. Members would be appointed by the City Manager or designee, in consultation with the
City's public safety service representatives (police, fire).
3. The voting members shown below are denoted by an asterisk(*).
4. Members are generally City residents or own or operate businesses within the City Limits.
5. The Citizen Corps Council for Lake Elsinore would be comprised of the following agency
representatives and members:
1) PROGRAM ADMINISTRATOR: non-voting member (preferably a citizen volunteer)
2) CITY: Emergency Preparedness Coordinator (or alternate)*
3) LEPD: Neighborhood Watch/CSO liaison*
4) FIRE: Fire Chief or designee*
5) LEUSD: Safety Officer/EOC Coordinator*
6) BUSINESSES:*
i. LEVCC
ii. Local (e.g., Near Cal, Castle & Cooke, or other)
iii. Corporate (e.g., COSTCO, TARGET, LOWES" etc.)
7) CIVILIAN AT LARGE: (e.g., an HOA representative)*
8) COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS: (e.g., Rotary, HOPE, Cops 4 Kids, or other)*
"-'"
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9) EX OFFICIO MEMBERS (non-voting):
i. Assemblyman Jeffries, or designee
ii. American Red Cross
iii. Trauma Intervention Program (TIP)
iv. Riverside County Office of Emergency Services (OES)
9
D. Authority of the Citizen Corps Council
1. Administrative and operating procedures will be set by Council Resolution.
2. CCC meetings are open to the public and must conform to City Council Policy Manual, The
Ralph M. Brown Act and other rules or bylaws.
3. The Lake Elsinore Citizen Corps is sponsored by the City of Lake Elsinore and operates within
the City of Lake Elsinore limits, though mutual aid may be requested or offered.
7. Duties of the Citizen Corps Council
".-.
A. General Responsibilities
1. A partial listing of the duties of the Lake Elsinore Citizen Council is given below (not all
inclusive):
a. Create long and short term operating or action plans
b. Identify existing volunteer groups, organizations for partnering
c. Involve all City neighborhoods and business districts
d. Actively recruit volunteers
e. Create effective communication programs
f. Provide training
g. Provide interaction between citizens, businesses and public safety agencies
h. Create a database of qualified volunteers
i. Provide accountability to the PSAC and City Council
j. Provide community outreach and public information
k. Provide opportunities for interagency cooperation and exercises
I. Develop annual budget recommendations
m. Procurement
2. Essential duties of the Citizen Corps are further outlined in T4 FEMA EMI training
literature and other Department of Homeland Security publications.
I""'"
B. Volunteer Management
1. Identifying volunteer opportunities, providing training, and sustaining volunteers is the
mainstay of the Citizen Corps.
2. The Citizen Corps Council is responsible for establishing systems and procedures for
tracking volunteer qualifications, identifying training needs and opportunities,
establishing procedures and protocol regarding the incident command structure,
operating procedures for activation and so forth.
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.
3. The City does not have to reinvent the wheel; many excellent volunteer models
are available to the City, including the Temecula Citizen Corps (T.C.C).
mB~tM
10~
C. Training
1. Volunteers in Citizen Corps have vast opportunities to increase personal emergency
preparedness and to develop specialized skills. Basic training courses are identified
below:
a. Incident Command Concepts and Protocol
b. Basic Search & Rescue
c. First Aid
d. CERT
e. Radio Communications
f. Neighborhood Watch
g. Other
2. Training Resources available to the Citizen Corps Council and Citizen Corps volunteers
include:
a. Homeland Security
b. OES
c. Red Cross
d. CSTI
e. Neighborhood Watch
f. And many more '-'
D. Communication
1. The Citizen Corps Council will periodically report its activities to the PSAC and City
Council no less than quarterly, including an annual report submittal.
2. The Citizen Corps will provide Community and Public Information in conjunction with
Information/Communications Manager.
3. Collateral materials include:
a. Annual Public Information Plan
b. Web site page
c. Online newsletter or e-mail blasts
d. Annual Reports
e. Agendas
f. Minutes
g. Publications such as recruitment brochures, safety tip sheets, etc.
h. The City's quarterly direct mailer (formerly OUTLOOK newsletter)
i. News releases
E. Program Evaluation
1. The Citizen Corps Council will develop an evaluation plan to regularly assess program
effectiveness. Evaluation results will be included in the Annual CC Council Report.
-......;
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2. Evaluation strategies should include:
a. Web surveys
b. Direct mail survey
c. Onsite training and event evaluation forms
11
8. Staffing Needs Assessment
A. Existing staff support
1. The City's staff support for PSAC and public safety is provided by multiple departments,
at work levels ranging from clerical assistance to administrative coordination and legal
consultation.
2. The PSAC has previously recognized the need for additional PSAC administrative
support. Emergency services planning and Citizen Corps program oversight could
justifiably be combined into a new central administrative position.
~
B. Citizen Corps staff needs by function
1. The Subcommittee has expressed its view that existing staff would not be able to
implement a new ongoing program such as the Citizen Corps without affecting ongoing
work priorities.
2. The list below characterizes the type of tasks to be performed in support of the Citizen
Corps Council by multiple individuals in multiple departments:
a. Clerical tasks (record keeping, filing, word processing, etc.)
b. Public Records/City Clerk (meeting minutes, agendas and notices postings,
filings, Notary services, City Council staff reports, etc.)
c. Procurement (purchasing, purchase orders)
d. Warehousing (equipment and supplies inventory, storage system)
e. Training & In-services (Red Cross, DES, CERT, First Aid, other)
f. Administration (meeting scheduling, liaison to Citizen Corps Council, volunteer
recruitment & tracking, reports to Council, recognitions & ceremonials)
g. Communications (recruitment, e-newsletter, press releases, town hall meetings,
Web site maintenance, Community partnerships, etc.)
h. Finance (Budget preparation, Grant monitoring &writing, auditing, etc.)
i. Neighborhood Watch liaison (meetings, outreach)
j. legal services (as needed)
Staffing recorrnnendations
1. The Citizen Corps subcommittee believes additional staffing will be needed to effectively
carry out the Citizen Corps program and ongoing emergency preparedness tasks.
2. The primary need is for a central administrative staff position to oversee public safety
programs and emergency preparedness planning.
-"'"
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3. The duties of a new public safety position would include:
a. Emergency Preparedness planning
b. Emergency Operations coordination
c. PSAC administration
d. Safety training
e. Citizen Corps Council administration
4. Public Staffing considerations should be a part of the FY 2008-09 budget consultation
process.
s. The PSAC should immediately begin working with staff to develop the rationale for a
new public safety position, appropriate job description, salary range and budget
request.
6. The PSAC should inform the City Council of any staff recommendations prior to the FY
2008-09 budget.
7. The PSAC recognizes that funding and hiring additional professional staff at a given time
is subject to revenue availability and budget authorization by the City Council.
9. Budget Requirements
A. Program Cost considerations
1. The subcommittee recommends a $10,000 budget request in FY 2008-09 to seed the
start-up costs of a Citizen Corps Council.
2. Expenditures would be for safety equipment, communications equipment, emergency
supplies, administrative and training costs. This funding would be used at the discretion
of the Citizen Corps Council.
3. Grant funds have successfully been used for EOC and CERT equipment and supplies; the
Citizen Corps Council should be successful in applying for additional grants to defray first
year and ongoing operating expenses.
B. Staffing Costs
1. A separate discussion is needed to define an appropriate administrative position and
related salary to take the City's Emergency Preparedness efforts, Citizen Corps and
Public Safety programs to the next level.
2. The subcommittee consensus is that now is the right time for the City to consider an
administrative Public Safety position, or at such time as it is affordable.
10. Sample Citizen Council Action Schedule
A. First six months
1. Present to City Council for consideration
2. Direct legal counsel to amend LEMCjprepare ordinance
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.
--
12 "'-'
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",-....
3. Designate staff support/new hiring
4. Recruit program administrator
5. Set Council composition/membership
6. Kickoff meeting
7. Public Information Outreach Planning
8. Web page complete
9. Press release
10. Mid-year budget request
13
/'"""'
B. First year
1. Needs assessment
2. Operations study
3. Goals & objectives
4. Communications/Public Outreach
5. Web
6. Mailers
7. Community meetings/open houses/fairs
8. Media releases
9. Grant funding applications
10. CERT training: public
11. CERT training: employees (continue)
12. Annual evaluation
13. Annual report
14. Budget requests
C. Second year
1. Program implementation
2. Communications/Public outreach
3. Volunteer recruitment
4. Grants
5. Annual evaluation
6. Annual report
7. Budget requests
I"""'"
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Appendices
A. Assessing Risk: Fire
B. Assessing Risk: Earthquake
C. Assessing Risk: Inundation
D. City of Lake Elsinore Emergency Volunteer Resource List
E. Glossary of Emergency Management Terms
F. For More Information
~~
14
'-""
"'-""
'-'
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~
Appendix A
15
Assessing Risk: Fire
CAl FIRE recently released a study showing wildland fire risk for urban communities surrounded by
wildland and open space. As shown below, lake Elsinore's risk is Very High for the entire City.
Note: the area in pink is actually RED; it has been screened so that the City's boundaries can easily be
seen.
,,-
FIRE HAZARD SEVERITY ZON ES
_ LRA Wry Hi!;h
:'.~ LRAHigh
LRA l\loderate
LRA Unzoned
Other Very High
Other High
Otlwr Modl'ratl~
Otlwr Vnr.on.ed
Figure 1. Source: CAt FIRE
"'"
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Appendix B
~
Assessing Risk: Earthquake
Lake Elsinore risk assessment includes a high probability for earthquake impacts. New evidence has
recently surfaced about increased risk of activity along the Elsinore fault zone. Southwest California is
also likely to experience significant impacts resulting from liThe Big One" along the San Andreas fault.
16~
Figure 1. San Andreas Fault Zone
'-'"
Figure 2. Elsinore Fault Zone
'-'"
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,,-.....
REGION: Local fault capable of 7.S-magnitude quake
17
By DAVE DOWNEY - Staff Writer/Monday, April 14, 2008/6:58 PM PDT
Southern Califomia earthquake faults
Devastatingly large earthquakes ---- more destructive than
previously imagined ---- could rock a fault line that slices
under Temecula, Palomar Mountain and Julian, according to
a report released Monday that delivers the first-ever
statewide forecast of future temblors.
Geologists have often said the Elsinore fault, which could
cause shock waves to cascade across northern San Diego
and southern Riverside counties, was capable of generating
quakes of up to magnitude 7 but no larger.
But Tom Rockwell, a San Diego State University geologist
and expert on the fault, said in a telephone interview Monday
that scientists now believe the Elsinore could trigger a quake
as big as 7.5.
That means the fault is capable of producing quakes that are three times more powerful and release five
times as much energy as previously believed.
Earthquake magnitudes are measured on a logarithmic scale. An increase of 1 translates into 10 times
,,-. more power.
Rockwell was one of several scientists who worked on the report. Another was Chris Wills, supervising
engineering geologist for the California Geological Survey in Sacramento.
"Bigger earthquakes are possible," Wills said.
On the positive side, however, because the fault is capable of shedding more of its accumulated stress in
a single event than previously thought, quakes are likely to occur less often, he said.
In the first statewide forecast compiled by the state and federal survey agencies and the Southern
California Earthquake Center, scientists said there is an 11 percent chance over the next 30 years that
the fault will trigger an earthquake on the order of Northridge. That 1994 Los Angeles shaker measured
6.7 on the earthquake magnitude scale.
In a more narrowly focused 1995 report, scientists said such quakes had a 24 percent chance of
occurring on the Elsinore.
The new statewide forecast also downgraded the likelihood of a Northridge-style quake striking the San
Jacinto fault over the next three decades ---- from 61 percent to 31 percent. That fault is parallel to the
Elsinore and to the east, running from Hemet in Riverside County to Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in
San Diego County.
",.......
However, scientists concluded there is nearly a 6-in-1 0 chance an earthquake like Northridge will break
along the San Andreas fault. Capable of producing a magnitude 8 shaker, the southern leg of the San
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Continued
Andreas runs between San Bernardino and the border through the Salton Sea.
_:iiC_"'''
18
......,
There is a 97 percent chance such a quake will strike Southern California by 2038 and a 93 percent
chance that one will rock Northern California, the report said.
"It's almost a sure thing in either half of the state," Wills said.
He said scientists made the 6.7 -magnitude Northridge quake their yardstick because so many people
remember it. Northridge killed 72, injured more than 9,000, knocked out Interstate 10 in downtown Los
Angeles and caused $25 billion in damage.
Still, scientists did go beyond that threshold and found there is a 94 percent chance a magnitude 7 quake
will occur somewhere in the state in the next 30 years and a 46 percent chance that a magnitude 7.5
temblor will strike.
The probability of a magnitude 8 quake is smaller: 4.5 percent.
Size doesn't always matter, however. Damage is determined in large part by location.
"A 6.7 will occur during the next 30 years, and I expect several," Wills said. "If we're lucky, they'll be like
the Hector Mine earthquake. It was entirely on a Marine base (Twentynine Palms). It didn't affect
anybody."
That remote 1999 quake was huge ---- it registered 7.1 ---- but it caused little damage.
......,
"If we're unlucky, it will be like Northridge," Wills said.
As for individual faults, predictions were made only for the most active. No forecast was delivered for the
Rose Canyon fault offshore of Oceanside and San Diego.
Forecasts for the more active Elsinore and San Jacinto faults were altered because of something
scientists learned from another desert quake, the 7.3-magnitude Landers of 1992.
Before then, geologists thought a quake could rock just one segment of a fault.
Faults tend to be broken up in several segments. In the case of the Elsinore fault, Lake Elsinore's
namesake body of water divides the Glen Ivy segment to the north and the Temecula segment to the
south. And the two ends are more than a mile apart.
But Landers shattered the one-at-a-time theory.
"It broke all or parts of five faults," Rockwell said. "We would not have predicted that prior to that
earthquake."
Rockwell said scientists now believe a quake could start on the Coyote Mountains segment near the
border and rip across the Julian and Temecula segments ---- and possibly even jump Lake Elsinore.
Contact staff writer Dave Downey at (760) 745-6611, Ext. 2623, or ddowney@nctimes.com.
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/'"
/""
,-...
Appendix C
Assessing Risk: Inundation
Draft Citizen Corps Framework
U-*>>~
19
Lake Elsinore is the terminus of the 750 square-
mile San Jacinto River Watershed. Studies of
flood risk show that Lake Elsinore is vulnerable
to inundation from natural flooding or from
catastrophic dam failure. Two upstream drinking
water reservoirs include Canyon Lake and
Diamond Valley Lake.
Railroad Canyon Dam was constructed in 1927 and
reinforced in 1998. The dam impounds 12,000 acre-
feet of water (one acre foot equals 236,000 gallons of
water). The entire dam acts as a spillway; flows over
the spillway enter Lake Elsinore.
Figure 1. lake Elsinore lies at the bottom of the San
Jacinto River Watershed and receives all river flows.
Figure 2 below illustrates inundation from Metropolitan Water District of Southern California's Diamond
Valley Lake. Instances of a dam
failure upstream would result in a
surge of water into the San Jacinto
River that would cause portions of
the City to flood. The Lake would
rapidly rise and the excess water
would breach the overflow weir in
the back basin, flooding the area
behind the levee that has been
designed for flood water storage
of 30, 000 acre-feet of water.
08_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_reVC
Figure 2. Inundation scenarios for failure
of any of the 3 dams at Diamond Valley
lake. All scenarios impact lake Elsinore.
Draft Citizen Corps Framework
" ~
Appendix D
~"%'~
City of Lake Elsinore Emergency Volunteer Resource List
List is not inclusive, but illustrates the depth of Lake Elsinore's emergency resource and volunteer pool.
20
.~..._~
First Responders
City of Lake Elsinore
Police
Fire
County
DES
State
Caltrans
SWCDMM (County, DES, Health, Schools, Police, Fire, Local Agencies)
Health /Medical / Hospitals
AMR
Rancho Springs
SW Healthcare
Urgent Care Centers
Physicians
Therapy Centers
Other
Local Agencies/Special Districts
County of Riverside
EVMWD
EWD
Lake Elsinore Cemetery District
LEUSD
Vector Control
'will
Utilities
Southern California Edison
The Gas Co.
Time-Warner
Verizon California
Local Conmumity Based Organizations (CBOs)
Animal Friends of the Valleys
Boys & Girls Clubs
Elsinore Valley Arts Network (EVAN)
H.D.P.E.
Lake Elsinore Woman's Club
LE Historical Society
Lions Club
N.A.A.C.P.
Rotary Club International
'will
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/'"'
Continued
21
Local Community Based Organizations (CBOs)
Scouting (Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts)
United Way of Inland Valley
Other
Youth/Adult Leagues
(See supplemental listings)
Aquatics
Baseball
Basketball
Soccer
Wrestling
Other
Churches/Faith-based Organizations
Salvation Army
(See supplemental listing of area churches)
/'"'
Residential and Condo Owners Associations (HOAs)
Tuscany Hills
Canyon Hills
Viscaya
Rosetta
Alberhill Ranch
Condo Associations:
Brookside Terrace (Canyon Hills)
Fairfield Estates (SR 74)
LakePoint (Lakeshore Dr.)
Vista del Lago (Grape St.)
Other
Volunteer Organizations
CERT
LEMSAR
Neighborhood Watch
RACES
Red Cross
Trauma Intervention Program (TIP)
Other
".-
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Appendix E
Glossary of Emergency Management Terms [Abridged]
This descriptive list from FEMA is eye-opening and convincing as to why Lake Elsinore is now focusing its
capabilities, resources and planning on preparing for disasters of all kinds using the Citizen Corps model.
2 2,-""
Glossary of Emergency Management Terms
April 2007
This "Select Emergency Management-Related Terms and Definitions" document has been compiled by
B. Wayne Blanchard, Ph.D., CEM, FEMA emergency management higher education project manager,
for use in the Higher Education Project course, "Theory, Principles and Fundamentals of Hazards,
Disasters and U.S. Emergency Management."
This is not a comprehensive list of emergency management terms and definitions. If you have
suggestions for the list, please e-mail them for consideration to Dr. Wayne Blanchard.
Internet Reference: http://www.csc.noaa.gov/vata/glossary.html
Terms and Definitions
A
Acceptable Risk: That level of risk that is sufficiently low that society is comfortable with it. Society does
not generally consider expenditure in further reducing such risks justifiable. (Australian National 1994)
Acceptable Risk: Degree of humans and material loss that is perceived as tolerable in actions to
minimize disaster risk. (Nimpuno 1998)
"'-""
Acceptable Risk: Degree of human and material loss that is perceived by the community or relevant
authorities as tolerable in actions to minimize disaster risk. (U.N. 1992, 3)
Accident: "The word 'accidental' carries with it the connotations of both something that occurs by
chance and something non-essential or incidental" (Allinson 1993, 15). "The thesis that 'accidents will
happen' and that therefore nothing can be done to prevent their occurrence reaches its logical fulfillment
in the thesis of Charles Perrow that accidents are so inevitable and therefore non-preventable that we
are even justified in calling them 'normal'" (Allinson, p.16).
Accident: "Unintended damaging event, industrial mishap" (Disaster and Emergency Reference Center
1998).
Accident: "An unexpected or undesirable event, especially one causing injury to a small number of
individuals and/or modest damage to physical structures. Examples would be automotive accidents or
damage from lightning striking a house." (Drabek 1996, Session 2, p. 3)
Accident: ". . .situations in which an occasion can be handled by. . .emergency organizations. The
demands that are made on the community are within the scope of domain responsibility of the usual
emergency organizations such as police, fire, medical and health personnel. Such accidents create
needs (and damage) which are limited to the accident scene and so few other community facilities are
damaged. Thus, the emergency response is delimited in both location and to the range of emergency
activities. The primary burden of emergency response falls on those organizations that incorporate
clearly deferred emergency responsibility into their domains. When the emergency tasks are completed,
there are few vestiges of the accident or lasting effects on the community structure" (Dynes 1998, 117).
"'-""
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Accident: "The very language used to describe the [TMI] accident revealed the very diverse perceptions
that enter such interpretations. Was it an accident or an incident? A catastrophe or a mishap? A disaster
or an event? A technical failure or a simple mechanical breakdown?" (Nelkin 1981, 135).
23
Accident: An event which only requires the response of established organizations - expansion or actions
such as going to extra shifts is not called for. (Quarantelli 1987, 25)
Accident: "The evidence. . .suggests that accidents are not the product of divine caprice, nor of a set of
random chance events which are not likely to recur, but that they are incidents, created by people, which
can be analyzed, and that the lessons learned from that analysis, if implemented, will help to prevent
similar events from taking place again." (Toft 1992, 58)
Accident, Technological: "Technological accidents. . .are almost never understood as the way the
world of chance sorts itself out. They provoke outrage rather than acceptance or resignation. They
generate a feeling that the thing ought not have happened, that someone is at fault, that victims deserve
not only compassion and compensation but something akin to what lawyers call punitive damages."
(Erikson, 1989, 143)
Acts of God: Natural disasters or freak accidents. (Birkland 1997, 2.)
"When society seems to have formed a consensus that the event was an 'act of God,' such as a natural
disaster or freak accident, our attention turns to what we can do to help the victims. But when the
disaster is the result of human failings - poor design, operator error, 'corporate greed,' or 'government
neglect' - our attention turns to the voluntary acceptance of responsibility for an event or to the more
coercive process of fixing blame. Boards of inquiry are formed, legislatures hold hearings, and reports
are issued, all in hopes of 'learning something from this incident' to ensure that something similar does
not happen again or in the case of 'unavoidable' disasters, in hopes of improving our preparation for and
/"""' response to disasters" (Birkland 1997, 2).
Acts of God: A fatalistic "syndrome whereby individuals feel no personal responsibility for hazard
response and wish to avoid expenditure on risk reduction" (Smith 1996, 70).
Alert: Advisory that hazard is approaching but is less imminent than implied by warning message. See
also "warning". (U.N. 1992,3)
Assessment: Survey of a real or potential disaster to estimate the actual or expected damages and to
make recommendations for preparedness, mitigation and relief action. (Reference Center 1998)
Avalanche: Mass of snow and ice falling suddenly down a mountain slope and often taking with it earth,
rocks and rubble of every description. (WMO 1992, 66)
B
Base Flood: A term used in the National Flood Insurance Program to indicate the minimum size flood to
be used by a community as a basis for its floodplain management regulations; presently required by
regulation to be "that flood which has a one-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given
year." Also known as a 1 DO-year flood or one-percent chance flood.
Beaufort Scale: Numerical scale from 0 to 12, indicating wind force.
o - calm
1 - light air
2 - light breeze
3 - gentle breeze
",..-. 4 - moderate breeze
5 - fresh breeze
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6 - strong breeze
7 - strong wind
8 - gale
9 - strong gale
10 - storm
11 - violent storm
12 - hurricane
24~
(Reference Center 1998)
Blizzard: Violent winter storm, lasting at least 3 hours, which combines below freezing temperatures and
very strong wind laden with blowing snow that reduces visibility to less than 1 km. (WMO 1992, 86)
c
Calamity: "A massive or extreme catastrophic disaster that extends over time and space." Notes the
Black Death of the 14th century as an example. (Drabek 1996, Session 2, p.4)
Catastrophe: "An event in which a society incurs, or is threatened to incur, such losses to persons
and/or property that the entire society is affected and extraordinary resources and skills are required,
some of which must come from other nations.
Catastrophe: ". . .an event that causes $25 million or more in insured property losses and affects a
significant number of property-casualty policyholders and insurers." (Insurance Services Office 2000,2)
Catastrophe: An event of such impact upon a community that new organizations must be created in
order to deal with the situation. (Quarantelli 1987, 25)
Catastrophe: ". . .for a given society might be defined as an event leading to 500 deaths or $10 million
in damages. These figures, however, are arbitrary since levels of impact mean different things to
different people in different situations. Furthermore, we cannot ignore the element of scale. It would be a
catastrophe for a small community if every building were totally destroyed by flooding (as occurred in
1993 in Val meyer, Illinois), but at the global scale, it would be an insignificant event if only 350 houses
were involved. . .Similarly, $10 million in damage to some communities would be devastating. . .,
especially in less wealthy societies, but others would be able to cope relatively easily" (Tobin and Montz
1997,7).
""""
". . .a catastrophe not only disrupts society, but may cause a total breakdown in day-to-day functioning.
One aspect of catastrophes, is that most community functions disappear; there is no immediate
leadership, hospitals may be damaged or destroyed, and the damage may be so great and so extensive
that survivors have nowhere to turn for help (Quarantelli, 1994). In disaster situations, it is not unusual for
survivors to seek help from friends and neighbors, but this cannot happen in catastrophes. In a disaster,
society continues to operate and it is common to see scheduled events continue. . ." Tobin and Montz
1997,31).
Catastrophic Disaster: An event that results in large numbers of deaths and injuries; causes extensive
damage or destruction of facilities that provide and sustain human needs; produces an overwhelming
demand on State and local response resources and mechanisms; causes a severe long-term effect on
general economic activity; and severely affects State, local, and private-sector capabilities to begin and
sustain response activities. Note: the Stafford Act provides no definition for this term. (FEMA 1992, FRP
Appendix B)
CHEMTREC: The Chemical Transportation Emergency Center, 24-hour contact number 1-800-424-9300
in CONUS, 202-483-7616 outside the continental United States. A service, sponsored by the chemical
industry, which provides two stages of assistance to responders dealing with potentially hazardous
materials. First, on receipt of a call providing the name of a chemical judged by the responder to be a
"-JI
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""'
potentially hazardous material, CHEMTREC provides immediate advice on the nature of the chemical
product and the steps to be taken in handling it. Second, CHEMTREC promptly contacts the shipper of
the material involved for more detailed information and on-scene assistance when feasible. (DOT 1993)
-
25
Civil Defense (CD): All activities and measures designed or undertaken for the following reasons: (a) to
minimize the effects upon the civilian population caused by, or which would be caused by, an attach
upon the United States or by a natural disaster; (b) to deal with the immediate emergency conditions
which would be created by any such attack or natural disaster; and (c) to effectuate emergency repairs
to, or the emergency restoration of, vital utilities and facilities destroyed or damaged by any such attack
or natural disaster. (FEMA 1990)
Civil Defense: The system of measures, usually run by a governmental agency, to protect the civilian
population in wartime, to respond to disasters, and to prevent and mitigate the consequences of major
emergencies in peacetime. The term "civil defense" is now used increasingly. (UN 1992, 17)
Civil Disturbances: Group acts of violence and disorders prejudicial to public law and order within the
50 States, District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, U.S. possessions and territories, or any
political subdivision thereof. As more specifically defined in 000 Directive 3025.12 (Military Support to
Civil Authorities), "civil disturbance" includes all domestic conditions requiring the use of Federal Armed
Forces. (Title 32 CFR 185)
Civil Emergency: Any natural or manmade disaster or emergency that causes or could cause
substantial harm to the population or infrastructure. This term can include a "major disaster" or
"emergency" as those terms are defined in the Stafford Act, as amended, as well as consequences of an
attack or a national security emergency. Under 42 U.S.C. 5121, the terms "major disaster" and
"emergency" are defined substantially by action of the President in declaring that extant circumstances
and risks justify his implementation of the legal powers provided by those statutes. (Title 32 CFR 185)
""'
Civil Protection: "The phrase 'civil protection' has gradually come into use around the world as a term
that describes activities which protect civil populations against incidents and disasters (Mauro, 1996). .
..Civil protection has gradually and rather haltingly emerged from the preceding philosophy of civil
defense." (Alexander, 2002, 4)
Community Awareness and Emergency Response (CAER): A program developed by the Chemical
Manufacturers Association providing guidance for chemical plant managers to assist them in taking the
initiative in cooperating with local communities to develop integrated (community/industry) hazardous
materials emergency plans. (FEMA 1990)
Comprehensive Emergency Management: "Comprehensive Emergency Management means
integrating all actors, in all phases of emergency activity, for all types of disasters." (NGA 1978, 111)
Comprehensive Emergency Management: "CEM refers to a state's responsibility and unique capability
to manage all types of disasters by coordinating wide-ranging actions of numerous agencies. The
'comprehensive' aspect of CEM includes all four phases of disaster activity: mitigation, preparedness,
response and recovery for all risks -- attack, man-made, and natural -- in a federal-state-Iocal operating
partnership." (NGA 1978, 203)
Comprehensive Emergency Management: An integrated approach to the management of emergency
programs and activities for all four emergency phases (mitigation, preparedness, response, and
recovery), for all types of emergencies and disasters and for all levels of government and the private
sector.
/"'"'
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA): Public Law
96-510, as amended. More popularly known as "Superfund," CERCLA provides authority for Federal and
State governments to respond directly to hazardous substances incidents. (FEMA 1992, Appendix C)
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Conflict Hazards: War, acts of terrorism, civil unrest, riots, and revolutions.
Consequence: The outcome of an event or situation expressed qualitatively or quantitatively, being a
loss, injury, disadvantage or gain. (Standards 1995)
26
""'"
Consequence Analysis: The estimation of the effect of potential hazardous events. (New South Wales
1989).
Consequence Management (COM): Involves measures to alleviate the damage, loss, hardship, or
suffering caused by emergencies. It includes measures to restore essential government services, protect
public health and safety, and provide emergency relief to affected governments, businesses, and
individuals. (FEMA, Weapons of Mass Destruction-Nuclear Scenario)
Consequence Management: "Relative to terrorism incident operations, measures to protect public
health and safety, restore essential government services, and provide emergency relief to governments,
businesses and individuals affected by the consequences of terrorism." (FEMA Disaster Dictionary 2001,
22; cites Federal Response Plan, "Terrorism Incident Annex.")
Contingency Planning: "Asking about all the 'what if's that might occur in the activities of an
organization and the dangers faced in the external environment." (Lerbinger 1997, 267)
Continuity of Government: All measures that may be taken to ensure the continuity of essential
functions of governments in the event of emergency conditions, including line-of-succession for key
decision-makers.
Crisis: ". . .a decisive or critical moment or turning point when things can take a dramatic turn, normally
for the worse. . ." (Allinson 1993, 93; based upon Webster's New International Dictionary, Unabridged,
2nd ed.)
""'"
Crisis: Short period of extreme danger, acute emergency. (D&E Reference Center 1998)
Crisis: "Crises involve events and processes that carry severe threat, uncertainty, an unknown outcome,
and urgency. . .Most crises have trigger points so critical as to leave historical marks on nations, groups,
and individual lives. Crises are historical points of reference, distinguishing between the past and the
present. . ..Crises come in a variety of forms, such as terrorism (New York World Trade Center and
Oklahoma bombings), natural disasters (Hurricanes Hugo and Andrew in Florida, the Holland and
Bangladesh flood disasters), nuclear plant accidents (Three-Mile Island and Chernobyl), riots (Los
Angeles riot and the Paris riot of 1968, or periodic prison riots), business crises, and organizational
crises facing life-or-death situations in a time of rapid environmental change. . ..Crises consist of a 'short
chain of events that destroy or drastically weaken' a condition of equilibrium and the effectiveness of a
system or regime within a period of days, weeks, or hours rather than years. . ..Surprises characterize
the dynamics of crisis situations. . .Some crises are processes of events leading to a level of criticality or
degree of intensity generally out of control. Crises often have past origins, and diagnosing their original
sources can help to understand and manage a particular crisis or lead it to alternative state of condition"
(Farazmand 2001, 3-4)
Crisis: ". . .an event and/or a situation which endangers the established system, the health, life, and
property of its members. . ..the term 'crisis' is treated as being separated from. . .other concepts based
on the intensity and scope of influence. The terms disaster, hazard, accident, etc., refer to only one event
and/or situation, while crisis includes the concepts of natural disasters, man-made/technological
disasters, and social disasters." (Kim and Lee 2001, 502)
Crisis: "Crises act as focusing events, demanding public attention to a policy failure or problem. . .A
great war, a major depression, or an epidemic may set into motion a number of important changes in
public policies." (Nice and Grosse 2001, 55)
......,
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,,-.....
Crisis: ". . .a hard and complicated situation. . .or a turning point-a decisive crucial time/event, or a time
of great danger or trouble with the possibilities of both good and bad outcomes" (Porfiriev 1995, 291-
292).
...........
27
Crisis: "A collective crisis can be conceptualized as having three interrelated features: (1) a threat of
some kind, involving something that the group values; (2) when the occasion occurs it is relatively
unexpected, being abrupt, at least in social time; and (3) the need to collectively react for otherwise the
effects are seen as likely to be even more negative if nothing is done sooner or later..." (Quarantelli
1998,257).
Crisis: ". . .a situation that, left unaddressed, will jeopardize the organization's ability to do business."
(Ziaukas 2001, 246; citing other sources)
Crisis Management: In the literature that exists so far, the term "crisis management" has been widely
employed. But this terminology is ambiguous. "Crisis management" can be taken to refer either to
managing a crisis after it has arisen-that is, intervening in a crisis situation-or managing in such a way
that a crisis does not arise in the first place. The blanket term "crisis management" is thus a conceptual
blanket that covers a multitude of sins. It is best to avoid the usage of such a label, since the inclusion of
the word "management" in such a label implies that the process so labeled is envisioned as a solution to
the problem of crises in general. This, however, is not really the case. At best, so-called crisis
management addresses only crises that have already arisen and usually only when such crises have
become either imminent or already actualized disasters. (Allinson 1993, 92)
Since "crisis management" is used in the literature to refer for the most part to either how one responds
to an existent crisis or how one might anticipate crises and therefore be able to respond to them, crisis
management most often connotes crisis intervention management whether after the onset of the disaster
or in anticipation of a disaster. In either of these two modes, it is nevertheless a "band-aid" approach
/"""' since it either comes into effect after the wound or primarily addresses itself to having a band-aid ready
to cover the wound immediately so that the wound does not bleed overly much. (Allinson 1993, 93)
Crisis Management: Coordination of actions during acute emergency. (D&E Reference Center 1998)
Crisis Management: "Key to crisis management is an accurate and timely diagnosis of the criticality of
the problems and the dynamics of events that ensue. This requires knowledge, skills, courageous
leadership full of risk-taking ability; and vigilance. Successful crisis management also requires
motivation, a sense of urgency, commitment, and creative thinking with a long-term strategic vision. In
managing crises, established organizational norms, culture, rules and procedures become major
obstacles: administrators and bureaucrats tend to protect themselves by playing a bureaucratic game
and hiding behind organizational and legal shelters. A sense of urgency gives way to inertia and
organizational sheltering and self-protection by managers and staff alike. . ..Successful crisis
management requires: (1) sensing the urgency of the matter; (2) thinking creatively and strategically to
solving the crisis; (3) taking bold actions and acting courageously and sincerely; (4) breaking away from
the self-protective organizational culture by taking risks and actions that may produce optimum solutions
in which there would be no significant losers; and (5) maintaining a continuous presence in the rapidly
changing situation with unfolding dramatic events. (Farazmand 2001, 4)
Crisis Management(CRM): Involves measures to resolve the hostile situation, investigate, and prepare
a criminal case for prosecution under federal law. (FEMA 1998)
Crisis Management: "Measures to identify, acquire, and plan the use of resources needed to anticipate,
prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism." (FEMA Disaster Dictionary, 2001, 26; citing FEMA
FRP, "Terrorism Incident Annex")
"".......
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D
Damage Assessment: The process utilized to determine the magnitude of damage and the unmet
needs of individuals, businesses, the public sector, and the community caused by a disaster or
emergency event.
2 8......,
Damage Classification: Evaluation and recording of damage to structures, facilities, or objects
according to three (or more) categories:
1. "Severe Damage" - which precludes further use of the structure, facility, or abject for its intended
purpose.
2. "Moderate Damage" - or the degree of damage to principal members, which precludes effective use of
the structure, facility, or object for its intended purpose, unless major repairs are made short of complete
reconstruction.
3. "Light Damage" - such as broken windows, slight damage to roofing and siding, interior partitions
blown down, and cracked walls; the damage is not severe enough to preclude use of the installation for
the purpose for which it was intended. (U.N. 1992, 19)
Declaration: The formal action by the President to make a State eligible for major disaster or emergency
assistance under the Robert T. Stafford Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93-288, as
amended.
Defense Emergency Response Fund: Established by Public Law 101-165 (1989). That law provides
that, "The Fund shall be available for providing reimbursement to currently applicable appropriations of
the Department of Defense for supplies and services provided in anticipation of requests from other
Federal departments and agencies and from State and local governments for assistance on a
reimbursable basis to respond to natural or manmade disasters. The Fund may be used upon a
determination by the Secretary of Defense that immediate action is necessary before a formal request for
assistance on a reimbursable basis is received." The Fund is applicable to military support to civil
authorities (MSCA) under DoD Directive 3025.1 and to foreign disaster assistance under DoD Directive
5100.46. (32 CFR 185)
'-""
Disaster: An event that requires resources beyond the capability of a community and requires a multiple
agency response. (Unknown source)
Disaster: The result of a hazard impacting a community. (Unknown source)
Disaster: "For insurance purposes a disaster is defined internationally as an event that causes at least
US$5 million in reimbursable losses." (Alexander, no date, 4)
Disaster: "The distinction between natural hazards or disasters and their manmade (or technological)
counterparts is often difficult to sustain. . .we are dealing with a physical event which makes an impact
on human beings and their environment. . .a natural disaster can be defined as some rapid,
instantaneous or profound impact of the natural environment upon the socio-economic system"
(Alexander 1993, 4).
Disaster: "The label 'disaster' rather than 'accident' carries with it not only the implication that. . .an
event. . .was of extraordinary misfortune. . .but also the implication that it could (unlike most accidents)
have been prevented. . .disasters are events which fall within our scope of concern to prevent and in
principle are events which may be prevented, and that we have a consequent obligation to attempt to
prevent them" (Allinson 1993,168-169).
Disaster: ". . .Allen Barton characterized disaster as a type of collective stress situation in which 'many
members of a social system fail to receive expected conditions of life from the system' (1969: 38). For
Barton, what distinguishes disasters from other types of collective stress, such as war, is that the
sources of disasters are external rather than internal." (Tierney, Lindell and Perry 2001, 9)
'-""
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r---
Disaster: "A disaster is an emergency considered severe enough by local government to warrant the
response and dedication of resources beyond the normal scope of a single jurisdiction or branch of local
government." (Carroll 2001,467)
29
Disaster: "An event, natural or man-made, sudden or progressive, which impacts with such severity that
the affected community has to respond by taking exceptional measures." (Carter 1991)
Disaster: ". . .a disaster is a singular event that results in widespread losses to people, infrastructure, or
the environment. Disasters originate from many sources, just as hazards do (natural systems, social
systems, technology failures). (Cutter 2001, 3)
Disaster: Calamity beyond the coping capacity of the effected population, triggered by natural or
technological hazards or by human action. (D&E Reference Center 1998)
Disaster: "Disasters do not cause effects. The effects are what we call a disaster" (Dombrowsky 1998,
21).
Disaster: "An event in which a community undergoes severe danger and incurs, or is threatened to
incur, such losses to persons and/or property that the resources available within the community are
exceeded. In disasters, resources from beyond the local jurisdiction, that is State or Federal level, are
required to meet the disaster demands." (Drabek 1996, 2-4)
Disaster: "I argue that disaster is a social, rather than a 'natural,' happening. Thus, any effort at disaster
reduction involves planning and action by various social units." (Dynes 1993,175) And, ". . .disasters are
qualitatively as well as quantitatively different from accidents and everyday emergencies." (pp. 178-179)
r'
Disaster: "A disaster is a normatively defined occasion in a community when extraordinary efforts are
taken to protect and benefit some social resource whose existence is perceived as threatened" (Dynes
Disaster: An occurrence that has resulted in property damage, deaths, and lor injuries to a community.
(FEMA 1990, Definitions and Terms, Instruction 5000.2)
Disaster: Any event "concentrated in time and space, in which a society of a relatively self-sufficient
subdivision of society, undergoes severe danger and incurs such losses to its members and physical
appurtenances that the social structure is disrupted and the fulfillment of all or some of the essential
functions of the society is prevented" (Fritz 1961, 655)
Disaster: ". . .a situation involving damage and/or loss of lives beyond one million German marks and/or
1,000 person killed." (German insurance industry. Dombrosky's words (1998, 20))
Disaster: ". . .such severe interference of the public order and safety that in intervention of the
centralized, coordinated disaster protection units is necessary." (German law. Dombrowsky 1998, 20
citing Seeck 1980, 1)
Disaster: An "extraordinary situation in which the everyday lives of people are suddenly interrupted and
thus protection, nutrition, clothing, housing, medical and social aid or other vital necessities are
requested." (German Red Cross. Dombrowsky 1998, 20, citing Katastrophen-Vorschrift 1988, 2)
Disaster: ". . .disasters arise from the exposure of vulnerable populations to hostile environments
generated by the failure of complex systems. . .such systems are made vulnerable to failure by the
complex interplay of factors including elements of the political economy environment in which the system
is embedded." (Horlick-Jones and Peters 1991 b, 41)
r---
08Jitizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_reVC
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Disaster: Events that ". . .release repressed anxiety [and constitute a] loss of control of social order"
(Horlick-Jones 1995, 305).
3 0 .......,
Disaster: "Disasters are non-routine events in societies or their larger subdivisions (e.g. regions,
communities) that involve social disruption and physical harm. Among the key defining properties of such
events are (1) length of forewarning, (2) magnitude of impact, (3) scope of impact, and (4) duration of
impact" (Kreps 1998, 34).
Disaster: ". . .earthquakes are quite harmless until you decide to put millions of people and two trillion
dollars in real estate atop scissile fault zones" (Riesner 1993, 501).
Disaster:"A situation created by natural and or man-made events, other than war or internal strife which
demands total integration and co-ordination, by those responsible for administration of the affected
region including: 1. all rescue, relief and life support systems required to meet the needs of the victims,
essential transportation and communication systems. 2. repairs to the infrastructure. 3. post-disaster
rehabilitation and recovery." (Ritchie, et al. 2001,2)
Disaster: A Condition or situation of significant destruction, disruption and/or distress to a community.
(Salter 1997-98, 27)
Disaster: All events which cause at least 100 human deaths, 100 human injuries, or US $1 million
economic damages. (Sheehan and Hewitt 1969, p. 20)
Disaster:"Disasters are the interface between an extreme physical event and a vulnerable human
population." (Susman et ai, 1983)
Disaster:"A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread
human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected
community/society to cope using its own resources." (U.N. ISDR 2002,24)
.......,
Disaster: A "sudden and extraordinary misfortune" to signify the actual onset of a calamity (Allinson
1993, 93; referring to Webster's New International Dictionary, Unabridged, 2nd edition).
Disaster Agent: "A class or category of phenomena that cause disasters, such as hurricanes,
tornadoes, or explosions. Hurricane Andrew is a specific disaster event which reflected one of the
classes of disaster agents, that is, hurricanes. Andrew is the disaster, hurricane is the disaster agent."
(Drabek 1996, Session 2, p.6)
Disaster, Ecological: Events "that are caused principally by human beings and that initially affect, in a
major way, the earth, its atmosphere, and its flora and fauna." (Drabek and Hoetmer 1991, xxi)
Disaster Epidemiology: The medical discipline that studies the influence of such factors as the life
style, biological constitution and other personal or social determinants on the incidence and distribution
of disease as it concerns disasters. (U.N. 1992,22)
Disaster Management: The entire process of planning and intervention to reduce disasters as well as
the response and recovery measures. It is a neglected element of development planning. (D&E
Reference Center 1998)
Disaster Management: "Disaster management is the process of forming common objectives and
common values in order to encourage participants to plan for and deal with potential and actual
disasters." (Pearce, 2000, Chapter 2, 11)
~
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/""
"A process that assists communities to respond, both pre- and post-disaster, in such a way as to save
lives, to preserve property; and to maintain the ecological, economic, and political stability of the
impacted region." (Pearce 2000, Chapter 5, p. 6)
==
31
Disaster Management: The body of policy and administrative decisions and operational activities which
pertain to the various stages of a disaster at all levels. (UN 1992,22)
Disaster, Natural: "'Natural' disasters have more to do with the social, political, and economic aspects of
society than they do with the environmental hazards that trigger them. Disasters occur at the interface of
vulnerable people and hazardous environments" (Bolin with Stanford 1998, Preface).
Disaster, Natural:"While human actions generally cannot cause an earthquake in the sense of doing
something to provoke fault movement, they are often critically involved in the disaster that can follow a
seismic event. In that sense then, 'natural' is an inappropriate adjective to describe such disasters
(Hewitt 1997)" (Bolin with Stanford 1998, 4).
Disaster, Natural: Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave,
tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, drought, fire, or other
catastrophe in any part of the United States which causes, or which may cause, substantial damage or
injury to civilian property or persons. (Robert 1. Stafford Act, 602)
Disaster, Natural:"ln a seeming inversion of what was 'obvious' about natural disasters, a view has
been developed by such geographers as Hewitt that seeks explanations of disaster primarily in the
sociocultural and economic features of the societies that are variously affected by natural forces. Their
focus has been to develop an understanding of the social structures and material practices that made
people more or less vulnerable to environmental hazards. In this approach, the underlying causes of
disaster are to be found not in nature, but in the organization of human societies (Varley 1994 )" (Bolin
/'"' with Stanford 1998, 5).
Disaster Preparedness Improvement Grant Program (DPIG): Authorized under Section 201 of the
Stafford Act. Annual matching awards are provided to States to improve or update their disaster
assistance plans and capabilities.
Disaster Relief Act of 1974: A Federal statute designed to supplement the efforts of the affected States
and local governments in expediting the rendering of assistance, emergency services, and the
reconstruction and rehabilitation of devastated areas (PL 93-288), as amended. (FEMA Instruction
5000.2)
Disaster Response: A sum of decisions and actions taken during and after disaster, including
immediate relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. (U.N. 1992, 3)
Disaster Risk Management: "Disaster risk management and reduction are about looking beyond
hazards alone to considering prevailing conditions of vulnerability. It is the social, cultural, economic, and
political setting in a country that makes people vulnerable to unfortunate events. The basis of this
understanding is simple: the national character and chosen form of governance can be as much of a
determinant in understanding the risks in a given country, as are the various social, economic and
environmental determinants." (U.N. ISDR 2002, 27)
Disaster Risk Reduction: "The systematic development and application of policies, strategies and
practices to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to
limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse impact of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable
development." (U.N. ISDR 2002, 25)
/""
Disaster, Technological: ". . .technological disasters - meaning everything that can go wrong when
systems fail, humans err, designs prove faulty, engines misfire, and so on." (Erikson, 1989, 141)
08_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_reVC
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Disaster, Technological: "Miller and Fowlkes (1984) have argued that the term 'technological disaster'
renders such events too impersonal in origin. They believe that such 'accidents' are due mainly to the
excessive priority given to industrial profits and advocate the term 'man-made disaster' to indicate
corporate responsibility" (Smith 1997, 14).
-
32.........,
Domestic Emergency: "Any natural disaster or other emergency that does not seriously endanger
national security, but which is of such a catastrophic nature that it cannot be managed effectively without
substantial Federal presence, or which arises within spheres of activity in which there is an established
Federal role." (FEMA Disaster Dictionary 2001, 36; cites Domestic Emergencies Handbook, US Army
Forces Command, March 15, 1999).
Domestic Emergency Support Team (DEST): "Relative to terrorism incident operations, an
organization formed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to provide expert advice and assistance
to the FBI On-Scene Commander (OSC) related to the capabilities of the DEST agencies and to
coordinate follow-on response assets. When deployed, the DEST merges into the existing Joint
Operations Center (JOC) structure." (FEMA Disaster Dictionary 2001, 36; cites FEMA FRP, "Terrorism
Incident Annex")
Drought: (1) Prolonged absence or marked deficiency of precipitation. (2) period of abnormally dry
weather sufficiently prolonged for the lack of precipitation to cause a serious hydrological imbalance.
(WMO 1992,198)
E
Ecological Disaster: See, "Disaster, Ecological"
EI Nino: An anomalous warming of ocean water resulting from the oscillation of a current in the South
Pacific, usually accompanied by heavy rain fall in the coastal region of Peru and Chile, and reduction of
rainfall in equatorial Africa and Australia. (U.N. 1992,26)
""""'"
Emergency: "An unexpected event which places life and/or property in danger and requires an
immediate response through the use of routine community resources and procedures. Examples would
be a multi-automobile wreck, especially involving injury or death, and a fire caused by lightning strike
which spreads to other buildings." Emergencies can be handled with local resources. (Drabek 1996,
Session 2, p. 3)
Emergency: Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, highwater, wind-driven water, tidal wave, tsunami,
earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, drought, fire, explosion, nuclear accident,
or other natural or man made catastrophe in any part of the United States. Any occasion or instance for
which, in the determination of the President, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and local
efforts and capabilities to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety or to lessen the
threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States. (FEMA 1990)
Emergency: "Any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the President, Federal
assistance is needed to supplement State and local efforts to save lives and to protect property and
public health and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States.
The Governor of a State, or the Acting Governor in his/her absence, may request that the President
declare an emergency when an incident occurs or threatens to occur in a State which would not qualify
under the definition of a major disaster. Assistance authorized by an emergency declaration is limited to
immediate and short-term assistance, and may not exceed $5 million, except when authorized by the
FEMA Associate Director for Response and Recovery under certain conditions." (FEMA Disaster
Dictionary 2001, 39; cites Robert T Stafford Act 102; 44 CFR 206.2, 206.35; 206.63, 206.66, and 503)
Emergency: "Any event requiring increased coordination or response beyond the routine in order to
save lives, protect property, protect the public health and safety, or lessen or avert the threat of a
disaster." (Michigan EMD 1998, 6)
""""'"
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".-,
Emergency: A more serious situation than an incident, but less serious than a disaster. (Oxford
Canadian Dictionary, 1998; noted by Pearce 2000, Chapter 2, 2)
m&'"~
33
Emergency: ". . .an unexpected occurrence or sudden situation that requires immediate action. . .It may
involve communities (as a disaster does) or individuals (which a disaster does not). . ." (Porfiriev 1995,
291).
Emergency: An event in which established emergency organizations (such as the American Red Cross
or utilities) need to expand their activities. (Quarantelli 1987, 25.)
Emergency: An extraordinary situation in which people are unable to meet their basic survival needs, or
there are serious and immediate threats to human life and well being. An emergency situation may arise
as a result of a disaster, a cumulative process of neglect or environmental degradation, or when a
disaster threatens and emergency measures have to be taken to prevent or at least limit the effects of
the eventual impact. (Simeon Institute 1998)
Emergency: ". . .a sudden critical juncture demanding immediate remedial action." (Terry 2001, 327)
Emergency: A sudden and usually unforeseen event that calls for immediate measures to minimize its
adverse consequences. (U.N. 1992,26)
".--.
Emergency Assistance: Assistance which may be made available under an emergency declaration. In
general, Federal support to State and local efforts to save lives, protect property and public health and
safety, and lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe. Federal emergency assistance may take the form
of coordinating all disaster relief assistance (including voluntary assistance) provided by Federal
agencies, private organizations, and State and local governments. Or, the Federal government may
provide technical and advisory assistance to affected State and local governments for: the performance
of essential community services; issuance of warnings of risks or hazards; public health and safety
information, including dissemination of such information; provision of health and safety measures;
management, control, and reduction of immediate threats to public health and safety; debris removal;
temporary housing; and distribution of medicine, food, and other consumable supplies. (Stafford Act)
Emergency Management: The entire process of planning and intervention for rescue and relief to
reduce impact of emergencies as well as the response and recovery measures, to mitigate the significant
social, economic and environmental consequences to communities and ultimately to the country, usually
through an emergency operation center, EOC. (Disaster and Emergency Reference Center 1998)
Emergency Management: The process by which the uncertainties that exist in potentially hazardous
situations can be minimized and public safety maximized. The goal is to limit the costs of emergencies or
disasters through the implementation of a series of strategies and tactics reflecting the full life cycle of
disaster, i.e., preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. (Drabek1997)
Emergency Management:"Emergency management is the discipline and profession of applying
science, technology, planning, and management to deal with extreme events that can injure or kill large
numbers of people, do extensive damage to property, and disrupt community life." (Drabek and Hoetmer
1991, xvii).
Emergency Management: Organized analysis, planning, decision-making, and assignment of available
resources to mitigate (lessen the effect of or prevent) prepare for, respond to, and recover from the
effects of all hazards. The goal of emergency management is to save lives, prevent injuries, and protect
property and the environment if an emergency occurs. (FEMA 1995, 1-6).
....---
Emergency Management:"The process through which America prepares for emergencies and
disasters, responds to them, recovers from them, rebuilds, and mitigates their future effects." (FEMA
Disaster Dictionary 2001, 40, citing FEMA Strategic Plan)
08_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_reVC
Draft Citizen Corps Framework
Emergency Management:"A Comprehensive system of policies, practices, and procedures designed to
protect people and property from the effects of emergencies or disasters. It includes programs,
resources, and capabilities to mitigate against, prepare for, respond to, and recover from effects of all
hazards." (Michigan DEM 1998, 6)
~Jl~
34,,-,
Emergency Management: A range of measures to manage risks to communities and the environment.
It involves the development and maintenance of arrangements to prevent the effect of, prepare for,
respond to or recover from events causing significant community disruption or environmental damage.
(Salter 1997-98, 28)
Emergency Management: The organization and management of resources for dealing with all aspects
of emergencies. Emergency management involves the plans, structures and arrangements which are
established to bring together the normal endeavors of government, voluntary and private agencies in a
comprehensive and coordinated way to deal with the whole spectrum of emergency needs including
prevention, response and recovery. (Victorian Department of Justice 1997)
Emergency Manager: The person who has the day-to-day responsibility for emergency management
programs and activities. The role is one of coordinating all aspects of a jurisdiction's mitigation,
preparedness, response, and recovery capabilities.
(The local emergency management position is referred to with different titles across the country, such as
civil defense coordinator or director, civil preparedness coordinator or director, disaster services director,
and emergency services director.)
Emergency Manager: "Emergency managers are professionals who practice the discipline of
emergency management by applying science, technology, planning and management techniques to
coordinate the activities of a wide array of agencies and organizations dedicated to preventing and
responding to extreme events that threaten, disrupt, or destroy lives or property." (Drabek 2002, Student
Handout 1-2)
......",
Emergency Operations Plan (EOP): An all-hazards document that specifies actions to be taken in the
event of an emergency or disaster event; identifies authorities, relationships, and the actions to be taken
by whom, what, when, and where, based on predetermined assumptions, objectives, and existing
capabilities.
Emergency Preparedness: Activities and measures designed or undertaken to prepare for or minimize
the effects of a hazard upon the civilian population, to deal with the immediate emergency conditions
which would be created by the hazard, and to effectuate emergency repairs to, or the emergency
restoration of, vital utilities and facilities destroyed or damaged by the hazard. (Stafford Act)
Emergency Public Information: Information which is disseminated primarily in anticipation of an
emergency or at the actual time of an emergency and in addition to providing information as such,
frequently directs actions, instructs, and transmits direct orders. (Simeon Institute 1998)
Emergency Risk Management: "Emergency risk management is a 'systematic process that produces a
range of measures that contribute to the well-being of communities and the environment'. It includes:
context definition; risk identification; risk analysis; risk evaluation; risk treatment; monitoring and
reviewing; and, communicating and consulting." (Emergency Management Australia 2000, 1)
Emergency Support Services: The departments of local government that have the capability to
respond to emergencies 24 hours a day. They typically include law enforcement, fire, rescue, and public
works. They may also be referred to as emergency response personnel or emergency operating forces.
Exposure: "Exposure describes the number of people, and the value of structures and activities that will
experience. . .hazards and may be adversely impacted by them." (Darlington and Lambert 2001, 135)
......",
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Exposure: "People, property, systems, or functions at risk of loss exposed to hazards." (Multihazard
Mitigation Council, 2002,30)
%W&J!!'W..&$~
35
Extreme Events: An extreme event in the context of the natural world is an act of nature, "such as a
lightning stroke or a flood [that] may be a productive resource and a hazard at the same time. Lightning
may kill an animal but also start a fire essential to the preservation of a forest ecosystem. A flood may
destroy a farmstead while fertilizing the fields" (Burton et al. 1993, 34).
F
Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP): The plan used by Federal agencies to
respond to a radiological emergency, with or without a Stafford Act declaration. Without a Stafford Act
declaration, Federal agencies respond to radiological emergencies using the FRERP, each agency in
accordance with existing statutory authorities and funding resources. The Lead Federal Agency has
responsibility for coordination of the overall Federal response to the emergency. FEMA is responsible for
coordinating non-radiological support using the structure of the Federal Response Plan. When a major
disaster or emergency is declared under the Stafford Act and an associated radiological emergency
exists, the functions and responsibilities of the FRERP remain the same. The Lead Federal Agency
coordinates the management of the radiological response with the Federal Coordinating Officer.
Although the direction of the radiological response remains the same with the Lead Federal Agency, the
FCO has the overall responsibility for coordination of Federal assistance in support of State and local
governments using the Federal Response Plan. (FRERP)
Federal Response Plan (FRP): 1) The plan designed to address the consequences of any disaster or
emergency situation in which there is a need for Federal assistance under the authorities of the Robert
T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq. 2) The FRP is the
Federal government's plan of action for assisting affected States and local jurisdictions in the event of a
~ major disaster or emergency. As the implementing document for the Stafford Act, the FRP organizes the
Federal response by grouping potential response requirements into 12 functional categories, called
Emergency Support Functions. The FRP was completed in April 1992, and 29 Federal departments and
agencies are signatories to the plan. (FRERP)
Five-Hundred Year Floodplain (or 0.2 percent chance floodplain): That area which includes the base
floodplain which is subject to inundation from a flood having a 0.2 percent chance of being equalled or
exceeded in any given year.
Flash Flood: A flood that crests in a short period of time and is often characterized by high velocity flow-
often the result of heavy rainfall in a localized area.
Forecast: Statement or statistical estimate of the occurrence of a future event. This term is used with
different meanings in different disciplines, as well as "prediction". (U.N. 1992,4)
The Four Phases: Mitigation, Preparedness, Response and Recovery.
Fujita-Pearson Scale (FPP Scale): A 3-digit scale for tornadoes devised by Fujita (F scale) and
Pearson (PP scale) to indicate the tornado intensity (0-5), path length (0-5), and path width (0-7) (WMO
1992).
Fujita Tornado Scale: A scale for expressing the relative intensity of tornadoes, consisting of six levels
corresponding to increasing levels of damage - light, moderate, considerable, severe, devastating,
incredible. (Notification Manual)
G
~
Gale: Wind with a speed between 34 and 40 knots. (U.N. 1992)
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Geographic Information System (GIS): A computerised database for the capture, storage, analysis
and display of locationally defined information. Commonly, a GIS portrays a portion of the earth's surface
in the form of a map on which this information is overlaid. (EM Australia 1995)
3 6 ........,
H
Hazard: "A Hazard is a natural, technological or social phenomenon that poses a threat to people and
their surroundings (in terms of both the natural and the built environment)." (Alexander, No Date, 1)
Hazard: Some, including not just a few emergency managers, view hazards such as earthquakes as
"technical problems suitable for a combination of engineering, planning, and specialized managerial
solutions, and people, if they are mentioned at all, are seen largely as impediments to carrying out the
technocratic solutions, because they fail to see the risks they face (e.g. Mileti and Fitzpatrick 1993). .
..However, by concentrating on the physical risks, projected extreme events, and worst case scenarios,
much is ignored" (Bolin with Stanford 1998, 20).
Hazard:"is a source of risk and refers to a substance or action that can cause harm."(Cohrssen &
Covello 1989)
Hazard:"Hazard refers to an extreme natural event that poses risks to human settlements"
(Deyle, French, Olshansky, and Paterson 1998, 121).
Hazard: Dangerous natural or man made phenomenon that expose a vulnerable location to disastrous
events. Vulnerability reduction aims at neutralizing the dangers posed by the hazard. (D&E Reference
Center 1998)
Hazard:"Hazard means an event or physical condition that has the potential to cause fatalities, injuries,
property damage, infrastructure damage, agricultural loss, damage to the environment, interruption of
business, or other types of harm or loss" (FEMA 1997, xxi).
........,
Hazard:"Relevant to emergency preparedness, a hazard is an emergency or disaster resulting from a
natural disaster, or an accidental or man-caused event." (FEMA Disaster Dictionary 2001, 58, citing
Robert T. Stafford Act, 602)
Hazard: Hazards "are threats to humans and what they value: life, well-being, material goods, and
environment." (Harriss et ai, 1978)
Hazard: Hazard is the probability that in a given period in a given area, an extreme potentially damaging
natural phenomena occurs that induces air, earth or water movements, which affect a given zone. The
magnitude of the phenomenon, the probability of its occurrence and the extent of its magnitude can vary
and, in some cases, be determined. (Maskrey 1989, 1)
Hazard:"A dangerous event or circumstance that has the potential to lead to an emergency or disaster.
Any physical phenomenon that has the potential to produce harm or other undesirable consequences to
some person or thing." (May, p. 5)
Hazard:"Hazard. . . reflects a potential threat to humans as well as the impact of an event on society and
the environment. . ..hazards are. . .in part socially constructed by people's perceptions and their
experiences. Moreover, people contribute to, exacerbate, and modify hazards. Thus, hazards can vary
by culture, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and political structure as well" (Mitchell and Cutter 1997,
9-1 0).
Hazard:"A hazard can be defined as: 'some aspect of the physical environment that threatens the well-
being on individuals and their society.''' (Nigg 1996,4)
......,
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Hazard:"ln disaster management, a hazard refers to the potential for a disaster." (Pearce 2000, Chapter
lI.
37
Hazard: Involves identifying all of the hazards that potentially threaten a jurisdiction and analyzing them
in the context of the jurisdiction to determine the degree of threat that is posed by each. (FEMA 1997)
Hazard:"A hazards analysis consists of two parts. The first involves knowledge of the kinds of hazards
that might threaten the community. This knowledge includes the probability of the event occurring at
varying levels of intensity and at varying locations throughout the community. Determinations of
probability, intensity, and location can be made on the basis of historical evidence, empirical research, or
community perception." (McLoughlin 1985, 168)
Hazard Analysis: "The identification and evaluation of all hazards that potentially threaten a jurisdiction
to determine the degree of threat that is posed by each." (Michigan DEM 1998, 6)
Hazard Analysis: That part of the overall planning process which identifies and describes hazards and
their effects upon the community. (NDO 1992)
Hazard Assessment: Identification of hazards in given location. (D&E Reference Center 1998)
Hazard Assessment: (Sometimes Hazard Analysis/Evaluation) The process of estimating, for defined
areas, the probabilities of the occurrence of potentially-damaging phenomenon of given magnitudes
within a specified period of time. Hazard assessment involves analysis of formal and informal historical
records, and skilled interpretation of existing topographical graphical, geological geomorphological,
hydrological, and land-use maps. (Simeon Institute 1998)
".-.
Hazard, Environmental: ". . .the threat potential posed to man or nature by events originating in, or
transmitted by, the natural or built environment" (Kates 1978, 14).
Keith Smith's (1997,14-15) commentary on this definition:
"This definition can include both long-term environmental deterioration (acidification of soils, build-up of
atmospheric carbon dioxide) and all the social hazards, both involuntary and communal (crime, terrorism,
warfare), as well as voluntary and personal hazards (drug abuse, mountain climbing). These hazards
have such different origins and impacts that a more focused definition is required."
Hazard, Environmental: "events which directly threaten human life and property by means of acute
physical or chemical trauma. . .Any manageable definition of environmental hazards will be both arbitrary
and contentious. But, despite their diverse sources, most disasters have a number of common features:
1. The origin of the damaging process or event is clear and produces characteristic threats to human life
or well-being, e.g. a flood causes death by drowning.
2. The warning time is normally short, i.e. the hazards are often known as rapid-onset events. This
means that they can be unexpected even though they occur within a known hazard zone, such as the
floodplain of a small river basin.
3. Most of the direct losses, whether to life or property, are suffered fairly shortly after the event, i.e.,
within days or weeks.
4. The exposure to hazard, or assumed risk, is largely involuntary, normally due to the location of people
in a hazardous area, e.g. the unplanned expansion of some Third World cities onto unstable hillslopes.
5. The resulting disaster occurs with an intensity that justifies an emergency response, i.e. the provision
of specialist aid to the victims. The scale of response can vary from local to international" (Smith 1996,
15-16).
Hazard, Environmental: ". . .extreme geophysical events, biological processes and major technological
r-- accidents, characterized by concentrated releases of energy or materials, which pose a largely
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unexpected threat to human life and can cause significant damage to goods and the environment"
(Smith 1996, 16).
It%ff~
38 .
......,
Hazard, Global: ". . .changes to regional ecosystems which in turn effect global systems, are termed
'global hazards'. Climate change, soil degradation, and deforestation are examples of global hazards that
are directly and indirectly related to the manipulation of technology. Global hazards can be distinguished
from the more traditional ones because of their diffused or dispersed effects at the planetary scale-they
threaten the long-term survival of t he planet. . ..They are not rare, discrete events but develop over a
long period of time. Global hazards are cumulative in nature and are the end result of centuries or
decades of human manipulation of technology to control nature and exploit its resources" (Cutter 1993,
5).
Hazard Identification: A structured approach for identifying those hazards judged by local officials to
pose a significant threat to their jurisdiction.
Hazard Identification:. . .defines the magnitudes (intensities) and associated probabilities (likelihoods)
of natural hazard that may pose threats to human interests in specific geographic areas. (Deyle, French,
Olshansky and Patterson 1998, 121).
Hazard Identification:". . .the process of defining and describing a hazard, including its physical
characteristics, magnitude and severity, probability and frequency, causative factors, and locations/areas
affected" (FEMA 1997, Multi Hazard. . .Assessment, xxi).
Hazard Identification: Hazard Identification locates hazardous areas, often estimates the probability of
hazardous events of various magnitudes, and sometimes assesses the separate characteristics of the
hazards (e.g., for hurricanes: wind, high water, and wave action). (Godschalk, Kaiser, and Berke, 1998,
98)
Hazard Identification: The process of recognizing that a hazard exists and defining its characteristics
(Standards 1995).
......,
Hazard Management: ". . .utilizes individual and collective strategies to reduce and mitigate the impacts
of hazards on people and places" (Cutter 1993, 2).
Hazard Mitigation: Any measure that will reduce the potential for damage from a disaster event.
Hazard Mitigation: Measures taken in advance of a disaster aimed at decreasing or eliminating its
impact on society and environment (U.N. 1992,41).
Hazard, Natural: ". . .a naturally occurring or man-made geologic condition of phenomenon that
presents a risk or is a potential danger to life or property" (American Geological Institute 1984). (Quoted
in Tobin and Montz 1997,9).
Hazard, Natural:"The concept of natural hazards is somewhat paradoxical; the elements of a natural
geophysical event (e.g., wind and storm surge of a hurricane) are hazardous only when they prove
detrimental to human activity systems" (Baker 1976, 1).
Hazard, Natural:"While some hazards, such as earthquakes and volcanoes, are the product of natural
processes unmodified by human interventions, other ostensibly natural hazards are less and less
'natural'. The impacts of human activities on global climatic systems, with attendant changes in rainfall
patters, storm frequency, and storm severity suggest that meteorological hazards themselves could be
influenced by (unintended) human factors (e.g. Southwick 1996 ; Flavin 1997 ). Flavin (1997) cites
evidence that both the frequency and severity of meteorological hazards may be increasing as a result of
human-induced climatic change. Similarly human modifications of riverine systems, from deforesting and
......,
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,,-.....
paving watersheds to elaborate levee systems, have taken the 'natural' out of many flood hazards (e.g.
Smith 1996)" (Bolin with Stanford 1998, 25 fn. 3).
39
Hazard, Natural:"ln reality, the environment is neither benign nor hostile. In is 'neutral' and it is only
human location, actions and perceptions which identify resources and hazards within the range of natural
events (Burton et a!. 1993)" (Smith 1996, 12).
Hazard, Natural:". . .those elements of the physical environment harmful to man and caused by forces
extraneous to him" (Smith 1996, 9: quoting I. Burton and R.W. Kates. "The Perception of Natural
Hazards in Resource Management." Natural Resources Journal, Vo1.3, 1964, pp. 412-441).
Hazard, Natural:"Natural hazards exist with or without the presence of human populations and
development" (Schwab, et a!. 1998, 12).
Hazard, Natural:"A natural hazard represents the potential interaction between humans and extreme
natural events. . .It represents the potential or likelihood of an event (it is not the event itself)" (Tobin &
Montz 1997, 5).
"Natural hazards constitute a complex web of physical and environmental factors interacting with the
social, economic, and political realities of society" (Tobin and Montz 1997, 11).
Hazard, Natural: Naturally caused events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, floods,
volcanoes and forest fires. (Unknown source)
,,-.....
Hazard, Natural:"First, the misunderstanding of 'natural hazards' as events unrelated to or separate
from human activity and human choice is no longer credible. The fundamental involvement of human
organizations, cultural and institutional context, and political-economic structures cannot be overlooked
or wished away. The creation, distribution, and mitigation of vulnerability to hazards of all kinds is a
social interaction with either other social processes or geophysical processes or both. There is no purely
'natural' hazard in the full sense of a risk or danger for which affected persons have no defence or
remedy." (Weiner 2001, 1)
Hazard Probability: The estimated likelihood that a hazard will occur in a particular area.
Hazard Risk: The probability of experiencing disaster damage.
Hazard, Technological: Typically man-related hazards such as nuclear power plant accidents, industrial
plant explosions, aircraft crashes, dam breaks, mine cave-ins, pipeline explosions and hazardous
material accidents. (Unknown source)
Hazard, Technological: ". . .the interaction between technology, society, and the environment" (Cutter
1993,2).
"Technological hazards arise from our individual and collective use of technology" (Cutter 1993, 1).
"The elements of complexity, surprise, and interdependence are governing characteristics of
technological hazards" (Cutter 1993, 2).
Hazard, Technological: A range of hazards emanating from the manufacture, transportation, and use of
such substances as radioactive materials, chemicals, explosives, flammables, agricultural pesticides,
herbicides, and disease agents; oil spills on land, coastal waters, or inland water systems; and debris
from space. (FEMA 1992, FRP Appendix B)
r--
Hazard, Technological: Technological hazards are best seen as accidental failures of design or
management affecting large-scale structures, transport systems or industrial activities which present life-
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threatening risks to the local community. . ..the failure "trigger" which provokes a technological disaster is
likely to arise for one of the following reasons: (1) defective design; (2) inadequate management; (3)
sabotage or terrorism (Smith 1996, 316).
~
40
......,
Hazard Vulnerability: The susceptibility of life, property, or the environment to damage if a hazard
occurs.
Hazardous Material (HAZMAT): Any material which is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive,
reactive, or radioactive (or any combination), and requires special care in handling because of the
hazards posed to public health, safety, and/or the environment. (Firescope 1994)
Heat Wave: Marked warming of the air, or the invasion of very warm air, over a large area; it usually
lasts from a few days to a few weeks. (WMO 1992, 294)
Human-Made Disasters: are disasters or emergency situations where the principal, direct cause(s) are
identifiable human actions, deliberate or otherwise. Apart from "technological" and "ecological" disasters,
this mainly involves situations in which civilian populations suffer casualties, losses of property, basic
services and means of livelihood as a result of war or civil strife, for example: Human-made
disasters/emergencies can be of the rapid or slow onset types, and in the case of internal conflict, can
lead to "complex emergencies" as well. Human-made disaster acknowledges that all disasters are
caused by humans because they have chosen, for whatever reason, to be where natural phenomena
occurs that result in adverse impacts of people. This mainly involves situations in which civilian
populations suffer casualties, losses of property, basic services and means of livelihood as a result of
war, civil strife, or other conflict. (Simeon Institute)
Hydrology: Science that deals with the waters above and below the land surfaces of the Earth, their
occurrence, circulation and distribution, both in time and space, their biological, chemical and physical
properties, their reaction with their environment, including their relation to living beings. (WMO 1992,
306)
. ...,,;
Ice Storm: Intense formation of ice on objects by the freezing, on impact, of rain or drizzle. (WMO 1992,
314)
Incident: An event, accidentally or deliberately caused, which requires a response from one or more of
the statutory emergency response agencies. (Australian Fire Authorities Glossary 1996)
Incident: "Any condition that meets the definition of major disaster or emergency which causes damage
or hardship that may result in a Presidential declaration of a major disaster or an emergency." (FEMA
Disaster Dictionary 2001, 62-63, citing Title 44 CFR 206.32)
Incident: "Under the ICS concept, an incident is an occurrence, either human-caused or by natural
phenomena, that requires action by emergency service personnel to prevent or minimize loss of life or
damage to property and/or natural resources." (FEMA Disaster Dictionary 2001, 62-63, citing National
Wildfire Coordinating Group, Incident Command System, National Training Curriculum, ICS Glossary
(PMS 202, NFES #2432), October 1994)
Incident: A minor situation. (Oxford Canadian Dictionary, 1998)
Incident Command System (ICS): The combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and
communications operating within a common organizational structure with responsibility for management
of assigned resources to effectively direct and control the response to an incident. Intended to expand as
the situation requires greater resources without requiring new, reorganized, command structures.
.....,
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Incident Command System (ICS): A standardized on-scene emergency management concept
specifically designed to allow it's users to adopt an integrated organizational structure equal to the
complexity and demands of single or multiple incidents, without being hindered by jurisdictional
boundaries. (NWCG 1994)
~"M%"M~;
41
Incident Commander (IC): ICS term for the person, usually from the local jurisdiction, who is
responsible for overall management of an incident. On most incidents, the command activity is carried
out by a single IC. The IC may be assisted by a deputy from the same agency or from an assisting
agency. (FEMA 1993)
Individual and Family Grant (IFG) Program: A program through which the Federal government makes
a grant to a State for the purpose of making grants to individuals and families adversely affected by a
major disaster. Individual and family grants are intended to meet disaster-related necessary expenses or
serous needs in those cases where such individuals or families are unable to meet their expenses or
needs through assistance under other provisions of the Stafford Act or through other means. (Stafford
Act)
Individual Assistance: Supplementary Federal assistance provided pursuant to a Presidential
Declaration of emergency or major disaster under the Stafford Act to individuals and families adversely
affected. Such assistance may be provided directly by the Federal Government or through State or local
governments or disaster relief organizations.
Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS): A strategy for implementing emergency
management activities which builds upon those functions common to preparedness for any type of
occurrence and provides for special requirements of individual emergency situations.
Intensity: . . .refers to the damage-generating attributes of a hazard. For example, water depth and
~ velocity are commonly used measures of the intensity of a flood. For hurricanes, intensity typically is
characterized with the SaffirlSimpson scale, which is based on wind velocity and storm surge depths. .
.The absolute size of an earthquake is given by its Richter magnitude (and other similar magnitude
scales), but its effects in specific locations are described by the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. .
.Earthquake intensity is also ascertained by physical measures such as peak ground acceleration
(expressed as a decimal fraction of the force of gravity, e.g., 0.4 g), peak velocity, or spectral response,
which characterizes the frequency of the energy content of the seismic wave. (Deyle, French, Olshansky,
and Paterson 1998,124.)
L
La Nina: The opposite of an El Nino event, during which waters in the west Pacific are warmer than
normal, trade winds or Walker circulation is stronger and, consequently, rainfalls heavier in Southeast
Asia. (Bryant 1991)
Lightning: Luminous manifestation accompanying a sudden electrical discharge which takes place from
or inside a cloud or, less often, from high structures on the ground or from mountains. (WMO 1992, 358)
M
/""""
Major Disaster: Any natural catastrophe (including any hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, wind-
driven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, or
drought) or, regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion, in any part of the United States, which, in
the determination of the President, causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant major
disaster assistance under the Stafford Act to supplement the efforts and available resources of States,
local governments, and disaster relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering
caused thereby. (Robert T. Stafford Act 102; 44 CFR 206.2 and 206.36)
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Management: Management consists of decision-making activities undertaken by one or more individuals
to direct and coordinate the activities of other people in order to achieve results that could not be
accomplished by anyone person acting alone. Effective management focuses on group effort, various
forms of coordination, and the manner of making decisions. Management is required whenever two or
more persons combine their efforts and resources to accomplish a goal that cannot be accomplished by
acting alone. Coordination is necessary when the actions of group participants constitute parts of a total
task. If one person acts alone to accomplish a task, no coordination may be required; but when that
person delegates a part of the task to others, the individual efforts must be coordinated. (Unknown
source)
42
""""
Mass Emergency: "An unexpected or undesirable event which requires the resources from most of all
municipal departments and limited assistance from outside agencies may be needed." (Drabek 1996,
Session 2, p. 3)
Military Support to Civil Authorities (MSCA): Those activities and measures taken by Department of
Defense components to foster mutual assistance and support between 000 and any civil government
agency in planning or preparedness for, or in the application of resources for response to, the
consequences of civil emergencies or attacks, including national security emergencies. MSCA is
described in 000 Directive 3025.1. The Secretary of the Army is designated as the 000 executive agent
for MSCA. (Title 32 CFR 185)
Mitigate: To lessen in force or intensity. This definition does not preclude "Lessening to Zero" when
mitigation or to mitigate are used in relation to hazards that could cause or contribute to a peacetime civil
emergency. (FEMA 1990)
Mitigation: ". . .mitigation is the social attempt to reduce the occurrence of a disaster, to reduce the
vulnerability of certain populations, and to more equitably distribute the costs within the society." (Dynes
1993, 179)
Mitigation: Those activities designed to alleviate the effects of a major disaster or emergency or long-
term activities to minimize the potentially adverse effects of future disaster in affected areas. (FEMA
1990)
""
Mitigation: All steps necessary to minimize the potentially adverse effects of the proposed action and to
restore, preserve, and enhance natural values of wetlands; or long-term activities to minimize the
potentially adverse effects of future disaster in affected areas. (FEMA 1996)
Mitigation: ". . .sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from
hazards and their effects. Mitigation distinguishes actions that have a long-term impact from those that
are more closely associated with preparedness for, immediate response to, and short-term recovery from
a specific event" (FEMA 1997, Multi Hazard. . ., xxii).
Mitigation:"Any action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term risk to human life and property from
natural hazards. Mitigation actions are accomplished by:
. Acting on the hazard. Seeding hurricanes or triggering avalanches may eliminate a hazard before a
disaster occurs.
. Redirecting the hazard. A seawall or dune restoration program helps keep water away from people by
redirecting the impact areas away from vulnerable locations.
. Interacting with the hazard. Seismic safety provisions incorporated into building codes result in
structures that are more able to withstand impacts and earthquakes.
""'-'
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/"*'.
. Avoiding the hazard. River corridor projects create multiple beneficial uses of the floodplain while
relocating structures to less vulnerable locations." (FEMA IS-513, 1999, I-50)
~
43
Mitigation: In its simplest sense, mitigation is risk management. It is a term that we at FEMA use to
describe actions that can be taken at the individual, local, State and Federal levels to reduce the overall
risk from natural disasters. It is getting a handle on the costs of disasters in our society, including not
only moneys, but also suffering and economic disruptions. (Krimm 1998)
Mitigation:"Activities that reduce the degree of long-term risk to human life and property from natural
and man-made hazards; e.g., building codes, disaster insurance, land-use management, risk mapping,
safety codes, and tax incentives and disincentives." (McLoughlin 1985, 166)
"Mitigation consists of planned and orderly efforts to prevent hazards that are preventable and lessen the
impact of those that are not. Mitigation activities can act in three ways to prevent or reduce effects of
potential hazards. First, they can act on the hazard to eliminate it or to reduce the frequency and
intensity of its occurrence. Second, they can change the way a hazard interacts with people and their
support systems. Third, they can alter the way people live and the systems they create." (McLoughlin
1985, 170)
Mitigation: Action to reduce the effects of a disaster on a population. (Nimpuno, 1998)
Mitigation:". . .mitigation is seen as prevention - stopping a negative event before it happens." (Peterson
and Perry 1999, 242)
Mitigation: Measures taken in advance of a disaster aimed at decreasing or eliminating its impact on
society and on environment. (U.N. 1992,4)
~
Mitigation:"Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural
hazards, environmental degradation and technological hazards." (U.N. ISDR 2002,25)
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale: A measure of the effects of an earthquake in a specific location.
(Deyle, French, Olshansky, and Paterson 1998, 124)
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale: (Jaffe, Buffer, and Thurow 1981)
Intensity Detectability/Levellmpact
I Detected only by sensitive instruments
II Felt by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors
III Felt noticeably indoors, but not always recognized as a quake
IV Felt indoors by many, outdoors by a few
V Felt by most people, damage to glass and plaster
VI Felt by all, many frightened and run outdoors, damage small
VII Everybody runs outdoors, damage to buildings varies
VIII Panel walls thrown out of frames, fall of walls and chimneys
IX Buildings shifted off foundations, cracked, thrown out of plumb
X Most masonry and framed structures destroyed, ground cracked
XI New structures still standing, bridges destroyed, ground fissures
XII Damage total, waves seen on ground surface
N
National Disaster Medical System (NOMS): A federally coordinated initiative to augment the nation's
emergency medical response capabifity by providing medical assets to be used during major disasters or
~ emergencies. NDMS has three major components: Disaster Medical Assistance Teams and Clearing-
Staging Units to provide triage, patient stabilization, and austere medical services at a disaster site; an
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Draft Citizen Corps Framework
evacuation capability for movement of patients from a disaster area to locations where definitive medical
care can be provided; and a voluntary hospital network to provide definitive medical care. NDMS is
administered by the Department of Health and Human Services/U.S. Public Health Service, in
cooperation with the Department of Defense, the Department of Veterans Affairs, FEMA, State and local
governments, and the private sector. (Facts on the NDMS)
44
'-""
National Security Emergency: "Any occurrence, including natural disaster, military attack,
technological emergency, or other emergency, that seriously degrades or seriously threatens the
national security of the United States." (FEMA Disaster Dictionary 2001, 84; cites Executive Order
12656)
National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters (NVOAD): An umbrella organization of
established and experienced voluntary organizations that serve disaster-affected communities. (FEMA
1995)
Natural Disaster: See "Disaster, Natural"
Natural Hazards: See "Hazard, Natural"
o
One-Hundred Year (100-Year) Floodplain: The land area adjoining a river, stream, lake, or ocean
which is inundated by the 1 DO-year flood, also referred to as a flood having a 1 percent chance of
occurring in any given year. The 1 DO-year flood is the regulatory (base) flood under the NFIP. (FEMA
1990)
p
Plume: Identifiable stream of air with a temperature or composition different from that of its environment.
Examples are a smoke plume from a chimney and a buoyant plume rising by convection from heated
ground. (WMO 1992, 456)
,....",
Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA): A process used to determine the impact and magnitude of
damage and the resulting unmet needs of individuals, businesses, the public sector, and the community
as a whole. Information collected as a result of the PDA process is used by the State as a basis for the
Governor's request for Federal assistance under the Stafford Act, and by FEMA to document the
recommendation made to the President in response to the Governor's request. (44 CFR 206.33)
Preparedness: Those activities, programs, and systems that exist prior to an emergency that are used
to support and enhance response to an emergency or disaster. (FEMA 1992)
Preparedness: Establishing and delineating authorities and responsibilities for emergency actions and
making provisions for having the people, equipment, and facilities in place to respond when the need
arises. Preparedness involves planning, training, exercising, procuring and maintaining equipment, and
designating facilities for shelters and other emergency purposes. (Michigan DEM, 1998,7)
Preparedness:"Preparedness represents actions that are undertaken to reduce the negative
consequences of events where there is insufficient human control to institute mitigation measures."
(Peterson and Perry 1999, 242)
Preparedness: involves the development and regular testing of warning systems (linked to forecasting
systems) and plans for evacuation or other measures to be taken during a disaster alert period to
minimize potential loss of life and physical damage; the education and training of officials and the
population at risk; the establishment of policies, standards, organizational arrangements and operational
plans to be applied following a disaster impact; the securing of resources (possibly including the
'-"
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~.
stockpiling of supplies and the earmarking of funds); and the training of intervention teams. It must be
supported by enabling legislation. (Simeon Institute 1998)
u, ..~
45
Preparedness: Activities designed to minimize loss of life and damage, to organize the temporary
removal of people and property from a threatened location and facilitate timely and effective rescue,
relief and rehabilitation. See also "prevention." (U.N. 1992,4)
Preparedness:"Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effective response to the impact of
disasters, including the issuance of timely and effective early warnings and the temporary removal of
people and property from a threatened location." (U.N. ISDR 2002,25)
Prevention: Encompasses activities designed to provide permanent protection from disasters. It
includes engineering and other physical protective measures, and also legislative measures controlling
land use and urban planning. See also "preparedness". (U.N. 1992, 5)
Prevention: "Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact of hazards and related
environmental, technological and biological disasters." (U.N. ISDR 2002,25)
Probability: The likelihood of a specific outcome, measured by the ratio of specific outcomes to the total
number of possible outcomes. Probability is expressed as a number between 0 and 1, with 0 indicating
an impossible outcome and 1 indicating an outcome is certain. (Standards 1995)
Probability Analysis: The derivation of both the likelihood of incidents occurring and the likelihood of
particular outcomes (or effects) should those events occur. (NSW 1989)
,.-.
Public Assistance (PA): Supplementary Federal assistance provided pursuant to a Presidential
Declaration of emergency or major disaster under the Stafford Act to State and local governments or
certain private, not-for-profit organizations other than assistance for the direct benefit of individuals and
families. (FEMAlEMI 1996))
R
Radiation: Emission or transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. (WMO 1992,
492)
Radiological Emergency: A radiological incident that poses an actual, potential, or perceived hazard to
public health or safety or loss of property. (FRERP, Appendix B)
Recovery: The coordinated process of supporting emergency-affected communities in reconstruction of
the physical infrastructure and restoration of emotional, social, economic and physical well-being. (EM I
Australia 1996)
Recovery: Those long-term activities and programs beyond the initial crisis period of an emergency or
disaster and designed to return all systems to normal status or to reconstitute these systems to a new
condition that is less vulnerable. (FEMA 1992)
Recovery: Activities traditionally associated with providing Federal supplemental disaster recovery
assistance under a Presidential major disaster declaration. These activities usually begin within days
after the event and continue after the response activities' cease. Recovery includes individual and public
assistance programs, which provide temporary housing assistance, grants and loans to eligible
individuals and government entities to recover from the effects of a disaster. (FEMA FRP Appendix B)
r-
Recovery:"The process of restoring community infrastructure and social and economic systems
following an emergency or disaster." (Michigan DEM, 1998,7)
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Recovery:". . .recovery measures encompass what has traditionally been called reconstruction and
recovery; ultimately the rebuilding of the disaster-impacted community." (Peterson and Perry 1999, 242;
citing Drabek, 1986)
~
46 .
'-""
Relief: Assistance and/or intervention during or after disaster to meet the life preservation and basic
subsistence needs. It can be of emergency or protracted duration. (U.N. 1992, 5)
Resilience: The capacity to recover successfully from loss and damage. The central features of
resilience appear to be access to resources (particularly finance), access to information and services, the
capacity to manage one's own affairs and the capacity to deal with the stress and emotions generated by
the disaster. (Buckle 1995, 13)
Resilience/Resilient: "The capacity of a system, community or society to resist or to change in order
that it may obtain an acceptable level in functioning and structure. This is determined by the degree to
which the social system is capable of organizing itself, and the ability to increase its capacity for learning
and adaptation, including the capacity to recover from a disaster." (U.N. ISDR 2002,24)
Resource Analysis: The systematic identification and analysis of available resources and authorities for
managing these potential resources in an emergency.
Response: Those activities and programs designed to address the immediate and short-term effects of
the onset of an emergency or disaster. (FEMA 1992)
Response: Activities to address the immediate and short-term effects of an emergency or disaster.
Response includes immediate actions to save lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs.
Based on the requirements of the situation, response assistance will be provided to an affected State
under the Federal Response Plan using a partial activation of selected Emergency Support Functions
(ESF's) or the full activation of all 12 ESF's to meet the needs of the situation. (FEMA FRP, Appendix B)
Response:"Carrying out time-sensitive actions to save lives and protect property during an emergency
or disaster. In addition to managing the response, actions can include fire fighting, protective actions by
law enforcement, warning, evacuation, mass care, emergency public information, search and rescue,
health and medical care, resource management, and other activities." (Michigan DEM 1998, 7)
~
Response: "Response refers to actions undertaken immediately before and during impact to reduce
primary and secondary negative effects." (Peterson and Perry 1999, 242)
Richter Scale: Logarithmic magnitude scale of earthquake energy, illustrated by typical impacts.
Energies of earthquakes (Richter-scale Magnitude):
Magnitude Energies (TNT)
1 = 1.7 Kg
2 = 5.9 Kg
3 = 180 Kg
4 = 6 tons
5 = 199 tons
6 = 6,270 tons
7 = 100,000 tons
8 = 6,270,000 tons
9 = 199,000,000 tons (Reference Center 1998)
Risk: A measure of the probability of damage to life, property, and/or the environment, which could occur
if a hazard manifests itself, including the anticipated severity of consequences to people. (Unknown
source)
Risk: "Risk is the product of hazard (H) and vulnerability (V) as they affect a series of elements (E)
comprising the population, properties, economic activities, public services, and so on, under the threat of
....,
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----,
disaster in a given area, . ..Risk is estimated by combining the probability of events and the
consequences (usually conceptualized as losses) that would arise if the events take place." (Alexander,
No Date, 1)
~
47
Risk: Risk = Likelihood x Consequence. (Ansell and Wharton 1992, 100)
Risk: Risk is defined as: Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability divided by Disaster Management, where "Risk is
defined as the scope of consequences (loss of life, damage to property or the environment. _ .. Hazard is
defined as the 'Punch of Nature' (external forces). . .Vulnerability is defined as the weakness/strength of
the element at risk. . .Disaster Management is defined as a comprehensive strategy based on a set of
activities to reduce the risk by: 1. Reduction of the vulnerability of the elements at risk. 2. Ensuring that
adequate measures are implemented before disaster strikes. 3. Responding as efficiently and effectively
as possible to disasters when they occur. 4. Assuring a sustainable development of the region stricken."
(Benouarand Mimi2001,6)
Risk:"Risk is nothing more than the consequences of hazard." (Bezek 2002)
Risk:". . .risk is when you know the possible range of things that may happen following a choice;
uncertainty is when you don't. . ..Risk in its general form is when it is possible, at least in principle, to
estimate the likelihood that an event (or set of events) will occur; the specific forms of those estimates
are the probabilities of adverse consequences." (Clarke 1999, 11)
Risk: The possibility of suffering harm from a hazard. (Cohrssen and Covello 1989, 7)
Risk:". . .the measure of likelihood of occurrence of the hazard" (Cutter 1993, 2).
/""
Risk:"Risk is the probability of an event occurring, or the likelihood of a hazard happening
(Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management 1997). Risk
emphasizes the estimation and quantification of probability in order to determine appropriate levels of
safety or the acceptability of a technology or course of action. Risk is a component of hazard." (Cutter
2001, 3)
Risk: The probability that a hazardous event will occur and the expected loss of lives and goods due to
vulnerability to prevailing hazards. (D&E Reference Center 1998)
Risk:". . .the potential losses associated with a hazard and, defined in terms of expected probability and
frequency, exposure, and consequences" (FEMA 1997, Multi Hazard. . .Risk Assessment, xxi).
Risk: Risk "is the probability that a hazard will occur during a particular time period." (Godschalk 1991,
132)
Risk: The potential for realization of unwanted, adverse consequences to human life, health, property, or
the environment; estimation of risk is usually based on the expected result of the conditional probability
of the event occurring times the consequence of the event given that it has occurred. (Gratt 1987, 244)
Risk: Risk is an expression or possible loss over a specific period of time or number of operational
cycles. It may be indicated by the probability of an accident times the damage in dollars, lives, or
operating units. (Hammer 1972)
Risk:"Risk refers to the probability that death, injury, illness, property damage, and other undesirable
consequences will stem from a hazard" (Lerbinger 1997, 267).
r'
Risk:"There are three components of risk - the magnitude of loss, the chance of loss, and the exposure
of loss." (MacCrimmon and Wehrung 1986, 10)
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"The main definition of the verb 'risk' in the Oxford English Dictionary, is 'to expose to the chance of
injury or loss.' . . .First, it is necessary that there be a potential loss of some amount (we will use 'loss' as
a general expression to include 'injury'). Second, there must be a chance of loss. A sure loss is not a
risk. Third, the notion 'to expose' means that the decision maker can take actions that can increase (or
decrease) the magnitude or chance of loss. Therefore 'to risk' implies the availability of choice."
(MacCrimmon and Wehrung 1986, 9)
~
48.....,
Risk: Risk is when there is "accurate knowledge of a probability distribution of the consequences that
will follow on each alternative." (March and Simon, 1993)
Risk: Risk can be related directly to the concept of disaster, given that it includes the total losses and
damages that can be suffered after a natural hazard: dead and injured people, damage to property and
interruption of activities. Risk implies a future potential condition, a function of the magnitude of the
natural hazard and of the vulnerability of all the exposed elements in a determined moment. (Maskrey
1989,1)
Risk:"The term 'risk' is used in two ways. The first is to identify what is at risk from the threats generated
by the hazard. The second is to identify the probability of losing community assets. . ." (May, p. 6)
Risk: Technical definition as follows: Risk (consequence/unit time) = Frequency (events/unit time) x
Magnitude (consequence/event). (NRC 1975)
Risk:"The probability, based on available data and scientific knowledge, of a disaster occurring in a
particular place." (Pearce 2000, Chapter 5, p. 27)
Risk: Defined in three ways:
1. With regard solely to the occurrence probability of the damaging event - a statistical concept.
....."
2. With regard to both event probability and the degree and type of damage or potential damage (here,
risk is seen as the product of event probability and severity of impact).
3. With regard to the distribution of power within society as well as to the distribution of costs and
benefits. In other words, who bears and who imposes the risk? (Penning-Rowsell and Handmer 1990, 6;
cited in Pearce 2000, Chapter 2,20)
Risk: A function of two major factors: (a) the probability that an event, or series of events of various
magnitudes, will occur, and (b) the consequences of the event(s). (Petak and Alkinson 1982)
Risk: The potential for unwanted negative consequences of an event or activity. (Rowe 1997)
Risk: For engineering purposes, risk is defined as the expected losses (lives lost, persons injured,
damage to property, and disruption of economic activity) caused by a particular phenomenon. Risk is a
function of the probability of particular occurrences and the losses each would cause. Other analysts use
the term to mean the probability of a disaster occurring and resulting in a particular level of loss. A
societal element is said to be at "risk", or "vulnerable", when it is exposed to known disaster hazards and
is likely to be adversely affected by the impact of those hazards if and when they occur. The
communities, structures, services, or activities concerned are described as elements at "risk". Also, the
FEMA damage and casualty production model for simultaneously handling multiple nuclear attacks to
produce the spectrum of likely attack results and determine their associated possibilities. A pre-attack
planning tool. (Simeon Institute 1992)
Risk: Risk is an integral part of life. Indeed, the Chinese word for risk "weij-ji" combines the characters
meaning 'opportunity/chance' and 'danger' to imply that uncertainty always involves some balance
....."
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~
between profit and loss. Since risk cannot be completely eliminated, the only option is to manage it.
(Smith 1996, 54)
~~
49
Risk: The probability per unit time of the occurrence of a unit cost burden. The cost burden may be
measured in terms of injuries (fatalities or days of disability) or other damage penalties (expense
incurred) or total social costs (including environmental intangibles). Risk thus involves the integrated
combination of (a) the probability of occurrences, (b) the spectrum of event magnitudes, and (c) the
spectrum of resultant personal injuries and related costs. (Starr, Rudman, and Whipple 1976)
Risk: The product of probability and consequences. (Tarrant 1997-98, 20)
Risk:". . .the chance that some event that affects us adversely will occur." (Terry 2001, 330) ". . .the
chance of an adverse event happening and the consequences of that event taken together." (331)
Risk: Expected losses (of lives, persons injured, property damaged and economic activity disrupted) due
to a particular hazard for a given area and reference period. Based on mathematical calculations, risk is
the product of hazard and vulnerability. (U.N. 1992, 5)
Risk:: "The probability of harmful consequences, or expected loss (of lives, people injured, property,
livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between
natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable/capable conditions. Conventionally risk is expressed
by the equation Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability/Capacity." (U.N. ISDR 2002, 24)
Risk: The possibility of loss, injury, disadvantage or destruction; to expose to hazard or danger; to incur
risk or danger. (Webster's 1981)
/"""'
Risk: Risk if the product of the probability of the occurrence of a hazard and its societal consequences.
(Pearce 2000, Chapter 2, 21; citing Whyte and Burton, 1980)
Risk Analysis: Assesses probability of damage (or injury) and actual damage (or injury) that might
occur, in light of a hazard and vulnerability analysis. (Unknown source)
Risk Analysis:"Risk analysis involves identifying, measuring or estimating and evaluating risk. There
has been considerable debate between engineers and social scientists about whether risk can profitably
and successfully be quantified, indeed, whether it is necessary to quantify it al all (Kleindorfer and
Kunreuther 1987). Engineers (e.g. Lind 1987) regard risk analysis as a formal means of quantitatively
evaluating the possible misfunctioning of a system by assigning probabilities to a set of predicted
outcomes. Social scientists (e.g. Slovic 1987) argue that risk need not be quantified to be analyzed and
that it is often sufficient to conceptualize a risk in order to know the magnitude of a problem. In general
types of risk analysis, comparisons are often more meaningful than absolute numbers or probabilities,
especially when the values are quite small, as people tend not to understand likelihoods expressed as
small fractions." (Alexander, no date, 2) "Formal risk analysis is based upon the creation of an ensemble
of scenarios which express what might happen as a chain of occurrences." (p. 3)
Risk Analysis: The systematic use of available information to characterize risk. (Salter 1997-98, 24)
Risk Analysis: A detailed examination performed to understand the nature of unwanted, negative
consequences to human life, health, property, or the environment; an analytical process to provide
information regarding undesirable events; the process of quantification of the probabilities and expected
consequences for identified risks. (Gratt 1987, 244)
Risk Analysis:". . .incorporates estimates of the probability of various levels of injury and damage to
provide a more complete description of the risk from the full range of possible hazard events in the area"
/"""' (Deyle, French, Olshansky, and Paterson 1998, 121-122).
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Risk Analysis: Risk analysis is the most sophisticated level of hazard assessment. It involves making
quantitative estimates of the damage, injuries, and costs likely to be experienced within a specified
geographic area over a specific period of time. Risk, therefore, has two measurable components: (1) the
magnitude of the harm that may result (defined through vulnerability assessment); and (2) the likelihood
or probability of the harm occurring in any particular location within any specified period of time (risk =
magnitude x probability). A comprehensive risk analysis includes a full probability assessment of various
levels of the hazard as well as probability assessments of impacts on structures and populations. (Deyle,
French, Olshansky, and Paterson 1998, 134.)
50
......"
Risk Assessment: "refers to the technical assessment of the nature and magnitude of risk". (Cohrssen
and Covello, 1989)
Risk Assessment:". . .emphasizes the estimation and quantification of risk in order to determine
acceptable levels of risk and safety; in other words to balance the risks of a technology or activity against
its social benefits in order to determine its overall social acceptability" (Cutter 1993, 2).
Risk Assessment: Determination of vulnerabilities and hazards in certain location to establish risks and
risk probabilities. (D&E Reference Center 1998)
Risk Assessment The process of identifying the likelihood and consequences of an event to provide
the basis for informed decisions on a course of action. (FEMA 1992)
Risk Assessment". . .a process or method for evaluating risk associated with a specific hazard and
defined in terms of probability and frequency of occurrence, magnitude and severity, exposure, and
consequences" (FEMA 1997, Multi Hazard. . ., xxi).
Risk Assessment:"Risk Assessment defines the potential consequences of a disaster based upon a
combination of the community's hazard and vulnerability identification." (FEMA 1998, Project Impact, 17)
Risk Assessment"Risk assessment is the process of measuring the potential loss of life, personal
injury, economic injury, and property damage resulting from natural hazards by assessing the
vulnerability of people, buildings, and infrastructure to natural hazards.
......"
Risk assessment answers the fundamental question that fuels the natural hazard mitigation process:
'What would happen if a natural hazard event occurred in your community....
A risk assessment tells you:
"The hazards to which your state or community is susceptible;
What these hazards can do to physical, social, and economic assets;
Which areas are most vulnerable to damage from these hazards; and
The resulting cost of damages ir costs avoided through future mitigation projects." (FEMA 2001, iii)
Risk Assessment: Risk assessment estimates the probable degree of injury and property damage in a
given area over a specific time interval (Godschalk, Kaiser, and Berke 1998, 99.)
Risk Assessment: The process, including both risk analysis and risk management alternatives, of
establishing information regarding and acceptable levels of that risk for an individual, group, society, or
the environment. (Gratt 1987, 244)
Risk Assessment:"A risk assessment is an objective scientific assessment of the chance of
experiencing loss or adverse consequences when physical and social elements are exposed to
......"
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~
potentially harmful natural and technological hazards, environmental impact, morbidity, and mortality."
(Hays and Ryland 2001)
~~
51
Risk Assessment:"Risk assessment, is a systematic characterization of the probability of an adverse
event and the nature and severity of that event (Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk
Assessment and Risk Management 1997). Risk assessments are most often used to determine the
human health or ecological impacts of specific chemical substances, microorganisms, radiation, or
natural events. . ..In the natural-hazards field, risk assessment has a broader meaning, and involves a
systematic process of defining the probability of an adverse event (e.g., flood) and where that event is
most likely to occur." (Hill and Cutter 2001, 15-16)
Risk Assessment: (sometimes Risk Analysis) The process of determining the nature and scale of the
losses (due to disasters) which can be anticipated in particular areas during a specified time period. Risk
assessment involves an analysis and combination of both theoretical and empirical data concerning the
probabilities of known disaster hazards of particular force or intensities occurring in each area ("hazard
mapping"); and the losses (both physical and functional) expected to result to each element at risk in
each area from the impact of each potential disaster hazard ("vulnerability analysis and expected loss
estimation"). (Simeon Institute 1992)
Risk Assessment:. . .[R]isk Assessment. . .is undertaken to find out what the problems are. It involves
evaluating the significance of a given quantitative (if necessary, qualitative) measure or risk in an
integrated way. . .Generally speaking, risk assessment is such a complex concept that a single,
scientifically repeatable, solution will rarely satisfy all the political and social realities of the decision-
making process. (Smith 1996, 54)
Risk Assessment:"The statistical analysis of risk. . .based on mathematical theories of probability and
scientific methods for identifying causal links between different types of hazardous activity and the
resulting adverse consequences" (Smith 1996, 57).
~
According to Kates and Kasperson (1983), risk assessment comprises three distinct steps:
1. An identification of hazards likely to result in disasters, i.e. what hazardous events may occur?
2. An estimation of the risks of such events, i.e. what is the probability of each event?
3. An evaluation of the social consequences of the derived risk, i.e. what is the loss created by each
event?" (Smith 1996, 58)
Risk AssessmenUAnalysis: "A process to determine the nature and extent of risk by analyzing potential
hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability/capacity that could pose a potential threat or
harm to people, property, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend." (U.N. ISDR 2002, 24
Risk Aversion: ". . .the value people place directly on reducing their own and others' risk of death and
injury. . ." (Smith 1 996, 72).
Risk Characterization: "Risk characterization is a synthesis and summary of information about a
potentially hazardous situation that addresses the needs and interests of decision makers and of
interested and affected parties. Risk characterization is a prelude to decision making and depends on an
interative, analytical-deliberate process." (National Research Council, 1996, p. 27)
Risk Communication: ". . .risk communication: the effective understanding of risks and the transfer of
risk information to the public, and the transfer of information from the public to decision makers. . ..Risk
management decisions should not simply be made by technical experts and public officials and then
imposed on, and justified to, the public after the fact. Risk Communication involves a dialogue among
interested parties - risk experts, policy makers, and affected citizens." (Committee on Risk-Based
Analysis. . .2000, 37)
""..-.. Risk Communication: ". . .an interactive process of exchange of information and opinion among
individuals, groups and institutions. . ..We construe risk communication to be successful to the extent
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that it raises the level of understanding of relevant issues or actions for those involved and satisfies them
that they are adequately informed within the limits of available knowledge." (NRC 1989, 2)
52
'-'"
"The NRC (1989, 149) concludes that four objectives are key to improving risk communications: (1) goal
setting, (2) openness, (3) balance, and (4) competence. As a means of achieving these objectives, it is
important, at the start of any given project, to determine:
· what the public know, believe, and do not believe about the subject risk and ways to control it;
· what quantitative and qualitative information participants need to know to make critical
decisions;
. and how they think about and conceptualize the risk. (NRC 1989, 153)." (Pearce 2000, Chapter
3, 16)
"Pidgeon et al. (cited in Horlick-Jones and Jones 1993, 31) conclude that there are four different
conceptual approaches to risk communication:
· Scientific communications - 'top-down' or one-way transmission of some message about a
hazard from a particular 'expert' source to a target 'non-expert' audience.
. Two-way exchange - an interactive process that recognizes the important role that feedback
plays in any complex communication.
· Wider institutional and cultural contexts stressed - communicator takes account of the actions of
risk management institutions, possible conflicting messages, and the history of the hazard in
question.
· Risk communication as part of a wider political process - the process as a prerequisite to the
enabling and empowerment of risk-bearing groups." (Pearce 2000, Chapter 3, 16)
......,
Risk Factors: Frequency of Occurrence
Location
Spatial Area (% of jurisdiction hazard likely to impact)
Duration
Secondary Effects
Seasonality
Speed of onset
Warning availability
Risk Management: "Public Risk management is a process that is used to decide what to do where a
risk has been determined to exist. It involves identifying the level of tolerance the community has for a
specific risk or set of risks and determines what risk assessment options are acceptable within a social,
economic, cultural and political context. To achieve this, the process must be open since it has to factor
in benefits, costs of control and any statutory or socially approved requirements needed to manage the
risk. Hence, it requires communicating and consulting with the public-at-large, either directly or through
appropriate representation as well as with specialists" (Britton 1998, 1).
Risk Management: The art or act of handling the possibility of loss or injury. Involves four components
of (1) Indexing critical operations, (2) Assessing risk exposure for those operations designated as "vital"
or "high," (3) Developing mitigation plan outlining who, what, when and how the corrective and
preventive actions will be implemented, and (4) Testing and measurement of the effectiveness of the
corrective and preventive actions. (Schaming 1998, 26-28.)
'-'"
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/""
Risk Management: The process of intervening to reduce risk-the making of public and private decisions
regarding protective policies and actions that reduce the threat to life, property, and the environment
posed by hazards. Generally, the risk management process attempts to answer the following questions:
~
53
1. What can be done?
2. What options or alternatives are available and what are their associated tradeoffs in terms of costs,
benefits, and other (current and future risks?
3. What are the effects of current decisions on future options? (Shaw, 1999.)
Risk Management: The process whereby decisions are made and actions implemented to eliminate or
reduce the effects of identified hazards. (Simeon Institute 1992)
Risk Management: Risk Management means reducing the threats to life and property (and the
environment) posed by known hazards, whilst simultaneously accepting unmanageable risks and
maximizing any associated benefits. (Smith 1996, 54)
Risk Management: A Framework for the systematic application of management policies, procedures
and practices to the tasks of identifying, analyzing, evaluating, treating and monitoring risk. (Standards
1995,4360; quoted in Salter (1997-98,22)
Risk Management:"The systematic management of administrative decisions, organizations, operational
skills and responsibilities to apply policies, strategies and practices for disaster risk reduction." (U.N.
IS DR 2002, 25)
Risk Management:"Process of deciding what should be done about a hazard; deciding which hazards
at what scale (intensity, occurrence interval) should be managed and in what priority." (Williamson and
Lawless, 2001)
,--.
Risk Perception: "Slovic (cited in Slaymaker 1995, 3) defines risk perception as 'the 'common sense'
understanding of hazards, exposure and risk, arrived at by a community through intuitive reasoning. .
.usually expressed. . .as 'safe' or 'unsafe'.' He goes on the mention that 'policy decisions are almost
always driven by perceived risk among the population affected and among decision makers [and that]
these perceptions are commonly at variance with 'technical' risk assessments. no (Pearce 2000, Chapter
3, 18)
Risk Reduction: Long-term measures to reduce the scale and/or the duration eventual adverse effects
of unavoidable or unpreventable disaster hazards on a society which is at risk, by reducing the
vulnerability of its people, structures, services, and economic activities to the impact of known disaster
hazards. Typical risk reduction measures include improved building standards, flood plain zoning and
land-use planning, crop diversification, and planting windbreaks. The measures are frequently
subdivided into "structural" and "non-structural", " active" and "passive" measures. N.S. A number of
sources have used" disaster mitigation" in this context, while others have used "disaster prevention."
(Simeon Institute 1992)
s
Safety: Safety, in the traditional sense, refers to monitoring and reducing the risk of personnel casualties
(injuries and deaths) to some acceptable level. (Shaw forthcoming)
SaffirlSimpson Hurricane Scale: A scale for expressing the relative intensity of hurricanes, consisting
of five levels of increasing intensity-Categories 1 through 5. (Notification Manual)
SaffirlSimpson Hurricane Scale
"......
08Jitizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_reVC
Draft Citizen Corps Framework "
Storm
Category
Wind
Speed
(mph)
Storm
Surge
(ft)
54 "wJII
f"""""--",^_~__m'__-
174-95 4-5
I
2
96-
110
6-8
3
111-
130
9-12
4
131-
155
13-18
Security: Security in the traditional sense refers to monitoring and reducing the risk of human induced
events that adversely affect people or property (intrusion of unauthorized personnel, theft, sabotage,
assault, etc.), to some acceptable level. (Shaw 1999)
Severe Weather: Any atmospheric condition potentially destructive or hazardous form human beings. It
is often associated with extreme convective weather (tropical cyclones, tornadoes, severe
thunderstorms, squalls, etc.) and with storms of freezing precipitation or blizzard conditions. (WMO 1992,
544)
"wJII
Stafford Act: 1) The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93-
288, as amended. 2) The Stafford Act provides an orderly and continuing means of assistance by the
Federal Government to State and local governments in carrying out their responsibilities to alleviate the
suffering and damage which result from disaster. The President, in response to a State Governor's
request, may declare and "emergency" or "major disaster" in order to provide Federal assistance under
the Act. The President, in Executive Order 12148, delegated all functions, except those in Sections 301,
401, and 409, to the Director, of FEMA. The Act provides for the appointment of a Federal Coordinating
Officer who will operate in the designated area with a State Coordinating Officer for the purpose of
coordinating state and local disaster assistance efforts with those of the Federal Government. (44 CFR
206.2)
Storm Surge: The difference between the actual water level under influence of a meteorological
disturbance (storm tide) and the level which would have been attained in the absence of the
meteorological disturbance (i.e. astronomical tide). (WMO 1992, 584)
Superfund: The trust fund established initially under the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act and extended under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act to provide money that can be used during cleanups associated with inactive hazardous waste
disposal sites. (FEMA 1992)
Sustainable Communities: . . .where people and property are kept out of the way of natural hazards,
where the inherently mitigating qualities of natural environmental systems are maintained, and where
"""
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development is designed to be resilient in the face of natural forces. . ." (Godschalk, Kaiser, and Berke
1998,86)
55
Sustainable Development: "In its broader sense, sustainability is defined as development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
In the context of emergency management, this meaning remains and it is linked to creating places that
are less vulnerable to natural and technological hazards and that are resilient to those events.
Sustainable hazard management has five components: environmental quality; quality of life; disaster
resilience; economic vitality; and inter- and intra-generational equity. Reducing the risk from hazards,
reducing losses from disasters and working toward sustainable communities go hand-in-hand" (Britton
1998,1).
Sustainable Development: ". . .the reconciliation of society's development goals with Planet Earth's
environmental limits over the long term." (Carrido and Hays 2001, 1)
Sustainable Development: A strategy for improving the quality of life while preserving the
environmental potential for the future, of living off interest rather than consuming natural capital.
Sustainable development mandates that the present generation must not narrow the choices of future
generations but must strive to expand them by passing on an environment and an accumulation of
resources that will allow its children to live at least as well as, and preferably better than, people today.
Sustainable development is premised on living within the Earth's means. (National Commission 1993, 2)
Sustainable Development: "Sustainable development - which meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs - is generally understood to
require (1) economic growth, (2) protection of the environment, and (3) sustainable use of ecological
systems. There is, however, a fourth criterion of equal importance: Sustainable development must be
resilient with respect to the natural variability of the Earth and the solar system." (NSTC 1996, 4)
,-..
Sustainable Development: Development in the present that does not destroy the resources needed for
future development (Simeon Institute 1998 ).
Sustainable Development: Sustainable development is that which "meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." (UN World Commission
1987,8)
T
Terrorism: "The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear;
intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally
political, religious, or ideological." (FEMA Disaster Dictionary 2001,120; citing DoD Joint Pub 1-102)
Thunderstorm: Sudden electrical discharges manifested by a flash of light (lightning) and a sharp or
rumbling sound (thunder). Thunderstorms are associated with convective clouds (Cumulonimbus) and
are, more often, accompanied by precipitation in the form of rain showers or hail, or occasionally snow,
snow pellets, or ice pellets. (WMO 1992, 622)
Tornado: A violently rotating storm of small diameter; the most violent weather phenomenon. It is
produced in a very severe thunderstorm and appears as a funnel cloud extending from the base of a
Cumulonimbus to the ground. (WMO 1992, 626)
Tragedy: "An intensely sad, calamitous, or fatal event or course of events; disaster" (Funk & Wag nails
1996).
r' "The word 'tragedy' summons up in one's mind the inevitability not only of this event but of other similar
events in the past and more to follow. Responsibility can be successfully abrogated with the application
08_Citizen Corps Framework]SAC0514_revc
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of the label 'tragedy'. . .One needs to look no further into the cause or causes of this event because it
has now been lifted outside of one's power and into the domain of Greek drama and fate. As a tragedy, it
was fated to be and the only possible response is to accept it (and others of its kind) as part of the
inescapable human situation. The event may be mourned and one may sympathize briefly with the
victims. But one is freed (by thinking of it as a tragedy) from the need to examine the conceptual
apparatus that led to this outcome" (Allinson 1993, 14).
~ i.1l
56,-"
Typhoon: Name given to a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of 64 knots or more near the
centre in the western North Pacific. (WMO 1992, 644)
u
Unified Command: "Under the ICS [Incident Command System] concept of operations, Unified
Command is a unified team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for an incident, either
geographical or functional, to manage an incident by establishing a common set of incident objectives
and strategies. This Unified Command effort is accomplished without losing or abdicating agency
authority, responsibility, or accountability." (FEMA Disaster Dictionary 2001, 124; citing ICS Glossary)
v
Volcanic Dust: Dust of particles emitted by a volcano during an eruption. They may remain suspended
in the atmosphere for long periods and be carried by the winds to different regions of the Earth. (WMO
1992, 662)
Vulnerabiltiy: "People and things are vulnerable to natural hazards, in that they are susceptible to
damage and losses. In this respect, vulnerability determines the losses [to disaster] to a greater degree
than does hazard." (Alexander, No Date, 1)
Vulnerabiltiy:. . .the characteristics of a person or group in terms of their capacity to anticipate, cope
with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural hazard. It involves a combination of factors that
determine the degree to which someone's life and livelihood is put at risk by a discrete and identifiable
event in nature or in society. (Blaikie et aI., 9)
......,
Vulnerabiltiy: The likelihood that a person will be negatively affected by environmental hazards refers to
his or her vulnerability (Bolin/Stanford 1998, 9).
Vulnerabiltiy: A measure of the extent to which a potential event is likely to deplete or damage available
resources such that the reestablishment of usual living conditions cannot be achieved within a
reasonable period. In this sense vulnerability may be measured as a ratio of damaged to undamaged
resources. (Buckle 1995, 11)
"Buckle (1995, 11) adds the concept of resilience to the definition of vulnerability. He identifies potential
social, economic, and environmental effects and introduces the notion that vulnerability is associated
with an ability to recover (which is not always apparent in other definitions. . ." (Pearce 2000, Chapter 2,
23)
Vulnerabiltiy:". . .A measure of the degree and type of exposure to risk generated by different societies
in relation to hazards (Cannon 1994,16)."
Vulnerability is a characteristic of individuals and groups of people who inhabit a given natural, social and
economic space, within which they are differentiated according to their varying position in society into
more or less vulnerable individuals and groups. It is a complex characteristic produced by a combination
of factors derived especially (but not entirely) from class, gender and ethnicity. Differences in these
socio-economic factors result in hazards having a different degree of impact. (Cannon 1994, 19)
..."",
08_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_reVC
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Draft Citizen Corps Framework
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Vulnerabiltiy: Vulnerability is the susceptibility of human settlements to the harmful impacts of natural
hazards. Impacts of concern include injuries and deaths to human populations; damage to personal
property, housing, public facilities, equipment, and infrastructure; lost jobs, business earnings, and tax
revenues, as well as indirect losses caused by interruption of business and production; and the public
costs of planning, preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery. (Deyle et al. 1998, 121)
~~
57
Vulnerabiltiy: 1) undefended against, open to attack, disease and hazards 2) degree of potential loss of
people and goods from a damaging phenomenon. Vulnerability to hazards is the cause of disasters.
(D&E Reference Center 1998)
Vulnerabiltiy: The vulnerability concept is used to characterize a system's lack of robustness or
resilience with respect to various threats, both within and outside the boundaries of the system. . ..the
term vulnerability. . .describe[s] the properties of an industrial system that may weaken its ability to
survive and perform its mission in the presence of threats. . ..The properties of an industrial system; its
premises, facilities, and production equipment, including its human resources, human organization and
all its software, hardware, and net-ware, that may weaken or limit its ability to endure threats and survive
accidental events that originate both within and outside the system boundaries. (Enarson and Rausand
1998, 535-36)
Vulnerabiltiy:"[The] susceptibility to injury or damage from hazards." (Godschalk 1991, 132)
/'""'
Vulnerabiltiy:"Vulnerability has been variously defined as the threat of exposure, the capacity to suffer
harm, and the degree to which different social groups are at risk (Cutter 1996). . ..Perhaps equally
important is the notion that vulnerability varies by location (or space) and over time - it has both temporal
and spatial dimensions. . ..There are many types of vulnerability of interest to the hazards community,
but three are the most important: individual, social, and biophysical. Individual vulnerability is the
susceptibility of a person or structure to potential harm from hazards. . ..social vulnerability. . .describes
the demographic characteristics of social groups that make them more or less susceptible to the adverse
impacts of hazards. Social vulnerability suggests that people have created their own vulnerability, largely
through their own decisions and actions. . ..Biophysical vulnerability. . .examines the distribution of
hazardous conditions arising from a variety of initiating events such as natural hazards. . .chemical
contaminants, or industrial accidents." (Hill and Cutter 2001, 14-15)
Vulnerabiltiy:"Risk. . .should not be confused with vulnerability, which refers to the resources and
coping abilities of a specific community to a specific hazard. . Vulnerability is a reflection of the
community's coping resources and may vary within the smaller social and economic groups which form a
large community." (Lindsay 1993, 68)
Vulnerabiltiy: Vulnerability of any physical, structural or socioeconomic element to a natural hazard is its
probability of being damaged, destroyed or lost. Vulnerability is not static but must be considered a
dynamic process, integrating changes and developments that alter and affect the probability of loss and
damage of all the exposed elements. (Maskrey 1989, 1)
Vulnerabiltiy:"Vulnerability is defined as the susceptibility of life, property, or the environment to
damage if a hazard occurs." (May, p. 6)
Vulnerabiltiy:"For some, particularly natural and physical scientists, vulnerability is defined as proximity
or exposure to natural hazards or the probability of a disastrous occurrence (including the potential for
losses owing to triggering agents) (see Reynolds 1993). Engineers, in contrast, define vulnerability as
the ability of a built structure to resist the strain or force exerted by natural or other disaster agents
(Norton and Chantry 1993). Sociologists, anthropologists and other social scientists define vulnerability
as the amount of coping capacity, or the degree to which social, cultural, political and economic factors
limit the ability to take steps to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, or recover from disaster (see Blaikie and
others 1994; Sinha 1992a ; Pelanda 1982 )." (McEntire 1999, 5)
r"'
08_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_revc
.
Draft Citizen Corps Framework .~
Vulnerabiltiy:". . .vulnerability is the reactive or dependent component of disaster which is comprised of
both the negative and positive attributes from the physical and social environments that increase risk and
susceptibility and/or limit resistance and resilience to triggering events. . ." (McEntire 1999, 5)
58"-,,
Vulnerabiltiy:". . .the potential for loss or the capacity to suffer harm from a hazard. . .can generally be
applied to individuals, society, or the environment" (Mitchell 1997, 10).
Vulnerabiltiy:"The susceptibility of people, property, industry, resources, ecosystems, or historical
buildings and artifacts to the negative impact of a disaster." (Pearce 2000, Chapter 5, p. 37). Is "a
function of people, place, preparedness, and time. . ." (Ibid., p. 44)
Vulnerabiltiy:"Vulnerability can be defined as the propensity to incur loss." (Puente 1999,296)
Vulnerabiltiy: The degree of susceptibility and resilience of the community and environment to hazards,
the characteristics of a community or system in terms of its capacity to anticipate, cope with, and recover
from events. (Salter 1997-98, 28)
Vulnerabiltiy: The extent to which a community, structure, service, or geographic area is likely to be
damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular disaster hazard, on account of their nature,
construction, and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster-prone area. For engineering purposes,
vulnerability is a mathematical function defined as the degree of loss to a given element at risk, or set of
such elements, expected to result from the impact of a disaster hazard of a given magnitude. It is specific
to a particular type of structure, and expressed on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 1 (total damage). For
more general socio-economic purposes and macro-level analyses, vulnerability is a less-strictly-defined
concept. It incorporates considerations of both the intrinsic value of the elements concerned and their
functional value in contributing to communal well-being in general and to emergency response and post-
disaster recovery in particular. In many cases, it is necessary ( and sufficient) to settle for a qualitative
classification in terms of "high", "medium", and "low"; or explicit statements concerning the disruption
likely to be suffered. (Simeon Institute)
"""
Vulnerabiltiy: Ability to withstand damage - expressed on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 10 (total
damage). (UNDRO 1991)
Vulnerabiltiy: Degree of loss (from 0% to 100%) resulting from a potentially damaging phenomenon.
(U.N. 1992, 5)
Vulnerabiltiy:"A set of conditions and processes resulting from physical, social, economical and
environmental factors, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards." (U.N.
ISDR 2002,24)
Vulnerability Analysis: Identifies what is susceptible to damage. Should provide information on extent
of the vulnerable zone; population, in terms of size and types that could be expected to be within the
vulnerable zone; private and public property that may be damaged, including essential support systems
and transportation corridors; and environment that may be affected.
Vulnerability Analysis: The process of estimating the vulnerability to potential disaster hazards of
specified elements at risk. For engineering purposes, vulnerability analysis involves the analysis of
theoretical and empirical data concerning the effects of particular phenomena on particular types of
structures. For more general socio-economic purposes, it involves consideration of all significant
elements in society, including physical, social and economic considerations (both short and long-term),
and the extent to which essential services (and traditional and local coping mechanisms) are able to
continue functioning. (Simeon Institute 1998)
Vulnerability Analysis: The objectives of a vulnerability analysis of an industrial system may comprise:
"""
DB_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_reVC
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~
To identify potential threats to the system
:w:::n: :'1;
59
To verify that the vulnerability of the system is acceptable
To verify that the system's security actions and installations, and safety functions are adequate
To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a proposed action to improve the vulnerability
To aid in establishing an emergency preparedness plan
As a design tool-to design a robust system
In a vulnerability analysis we work with open system models, where risk factors both inside and outside
the physical boundaries of the system are taken into account. A vulnerability analysis and a risk analysis
of the same company will therefore produce quite different sets of accidental events. . ..
A traditional risk analysis is mainly limited to accidental events taking place within the physical
boundaries of the system, and the threats studied are often limited to technological hazards within these
boundaries. . ..The actions to mitigate, restore and restart the activities after an accident are normally not
part of a risk analysis. . ..A vulnerability analysis focuses on the whole disruption period until a new
stable situation is obtained. . ..The focal point of a vulnerability analysis is the (business) survivability of
the system. (Einarsson and Raussand 1998)
Vulnerability Assessment: Evaluation of the likely degree of loss to a risk or a set of hazards. (D&E
Reference Center 1998)
",-.. Vulnerability Assessment:. . .characterizes the exposed populations and property and the extent of
injury and damage that may result from a natural hazard event of a given intensity in a given area.
(Deyle, French, Olshansky and Paterson 1998, 121).
Vulnerability Assessment: Vulnerability assessment, the second level of hazard assessment,
combines the information from the hazard identification with an inventory of the existing (or planned)
property and population exposed to a hazard. It provides information on who and what are vulnerable to
a natural hazard within the geographic areas defined by hazard identification; vulnerability assessment
can also estimate damage and casualties that will result from various intensities of the hazard." (Deyle et
a!. 1998, 129)
Vulnerability Assessment: Vulnerability assessment estimates the number of people exposed to
hazards (including special populations such as the elderly, hospitalized, disabled, and concentrated
populations such as children in schools), the property exposed, and the critical facilities exposed (such
as medical care facilities, bridges, sewage treatment and water pumping and treatment plants, power
plants, and police and fire stations. (Godschalk, Kaiser, and Berke 1998, 98-99.)
Vulnerability Assessment:"Vulnerability assessments include risk/hazard information, but also detail
the potential population at risk, the number of structures that might be impacted, or the lifelines, such as
bridges or power lines (Platt 1995), that might be damaged. Vulnerability assessments describe the
potential exposure of people and the built environment. The concept of vulnerability incorporates the
notion of differential susceptibility and differential impacts." (Hill and Cutter, 2001, 16)
Vulnerability Assessment:"Some emergency managers include geophysical and topographical factors
in the vulnerability assessment process, while others include them in the risk assessment process. For
example, Picket and Block (1991,278-79), following the work of Terrence Haney, discuss the
development of an earthquake hazard vulnerability model that utilizes data from five key areas: (1)
"....... geophysical, (2) topographical, (3) transportation and utility infrastructure, (4) structural facilities
(buildings and bridges), and (5) demographic factors. Pearce et a!. (1993,4) argue that the consideration
08_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_reVC
Draft Citizen Corps Framework :!"o,
of geophysical and topographical factors belongs in the risk assessment process. For example, an
analysis that concludes that the existence of a fault-line increases the likelihood of an earthquake
occurring is part of risk assessment; however, the proximity of the community to the fault-line may
increase or decrease the vulnerability of the population. Related to this argument is Anderson's (1992)
suggestion that emergency planners should give special consideration to the growing vulnerability of
metropolitan areas. Anderson makes an important point, as often the consequences of disasters in
metropolitan areas are related to how geographic and topographic information has been considered. If,
for example, such information is perceived to be part of risk assessment, then proximity to a fault-line
would lead to mitigation measures that could address the need to reduce risk by zoning against
construction near the line, expropriating existing properties, and so on. If, on the other hand, such
information is perceived to be part of vulnerability assessment, then the issue becomes not one of
reducing the likelihood of experiencing an earthquake but of how to decrease one's vulnerability by
residing in an earthquake-resistant building, improving the infrastructure, or whatever." (Pearce 2000,
Chapter 2, 24-25)
w
Warning: Dissemination of message signaling imminent hazard which may include advice on protective
measures. See also "alert". (U.N. 1992,5)
Warning: A warning is issued by the National Weather Service to let people know; that a severe weather
event is already occurring or is imminent. People should take immediate safety action. (Simeon Institute
1992)
Watch: A watch is issued by the National Weather Service to let people know that conditions are right for
a potential disaster to occur. It does not mean that an event will necessarily occur. People should listen
to their radio or TV to keep informed about changing weather conditions. A watch is issued for specific
geographic areas, such as counties, for phenomena such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, flash floods,
severe thunderstorms, and winter storms. (Simeon Institute 1992)
Wetlands: Those areas which are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water with a frequency
sufficient to support, or that under normal hydrologic conditions does or would support, a prevalence of
vegetation or aquatic life typically adapted for life in saturated or seasonally saturated soil conditions.
Examples of wetlands include, but are not limited to, swamps, fresh and salt water marshes, estuaries,
bogs, beaches, wet meadows, sloughs, potholes, mud flats, river overflows, and other similar areas. This
definition includes those wetland areas separated from their natural supply of water as a result of
activities such as the construction of structural flood protection methods or solid-fill road beds and
activities such as mineral extraction and navigation improvement. This definition is intended to be
consistent with the definition utilized by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the publication entitled,
Classification of Wetlands and Deep Water Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et aI., 1977). (FEMA
1992)
08_Citizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_revc
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60
_..__......~
.....,
~
"
....... ..
Draft Citizen Corps Framework
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Appendix F
~~@FA
For more information
The following government agencies offer a wealth of information on Citizen Corps, CERT, Disaster
preparedness and more.
61
Citizens Corps
http://www.citizencorps.gov
C.E.R.T.
http://www.citizencorps.gov / cert
FEMA
http://www.fema.gov
National Response Framework Resource Center
http://www.fema.gov/NRF
~,
Riverside County CERT
http://www.rvcfire.org
OES
http://www.oes.ca.gov
Southern California Earthquake Data Center
http://www.data.scec.org
U.S. Departruent of Homeland Security
http://www.dhs.gov/index.shtm
~
08Jitizen Corps Framework_PSAC0514_revc
/~
CITY OF "~"
LAKE 6LSlcrORJ
~ DREAM t~rREME",
TO:
REPORT TO PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISORY COMMISSION
HONORABLE CHAIRMAN
AJ'.JPIVIJ:J~'H~I;B~ OF THE PlJBUG$AFETY}\PYI$.QBYCQMJ'~'Jl$~lQ~ .
MARK DENNIS
INFORMA TION/COMMUNICA nONS MANAGER
FROM:
DATE:
May 14,2008
SUBJECT: PUBLIC SAFETY STAFF POSITION
Backaround
At the last PSAC meeting, staff was directed to prepare a position listing and salary
range for a new Public Safety Administrator position. Staff was also directed to prepare
correspondence from the PSAC to the City Council regarding a position rationale.
r'
Discussion
Any new staff recommendation begins with a purpose or rationale. The rationale for this
position is to consolidate em(3rgency coordination and Public Safety Advisory
Commission administration with management of a new Citizen Corps program.
Weighing Citizen Corps program requirements and staff time spent on emergency
preparedness and PSAC administration, the PSAC has concluded that additional
staffing will be needed for a Citizen Corps program to be successful.
The Citizen Corps subcommittee independently concluded that starting a new Citizen
Corps program would be asking too much of eXisting staff time, based on its own
examination of staff support requirements by function and existing time constraints.
Desire outcomes. from creating a new public safety position are:
1. Centralized responsibility and oversight of Public Safety and Emergency
Preparedness planning;
2. Effective coordination and implementation of existing, proposed and future Public
Safety and emergency preparedness programs and training;
3. Grant development to fund emergency equipment, supplies and training.
(/:-."........
I
\-
Public Safety Staff Position
May 14, 2008
Page 2
'-'"
The accompanying table shows com parables from other cities or agencies that have
dedicated public safety positions. The true cost of a new administrative position must
factor an additionaI65_<y'o,t9scQ()'N_s(iICil'Y pt~_~!~II~~n~fits. T\yo eX~fllples Cl~ebelow:
Factoring the full labor cost impact on the City's General Fund:
Example 1: Sa'lary @ $70,000 x 1.65% = $115,500
Example 2: Salary @ $80,000 x 1.65% = $132,000
A general job description used for salary comps is attached . To align this position with
the specific needs of the City, six functional areas of concentration were identified:
1. Emergency preparedness planning
2. Emergency operations coordination and local/regional interagency liaison
3. PSAC administration
4. Citizen Corps/Citizen Council administration
5. Safety training for City employees and residents
6. Grant writing
i
\ '-'"
Clearly, to achieve the Citizen Corps program goals and to maximize emergency
preparedness efforts, a dedicated public safety staff position will be necessary.
Fiscal Impact
Planning a balanced budget in FY 2008-09 has required continued cutbacks in
spending. Revenue is less than projected, resulting in reductions in e~penditures twice
this fiscal year. No new staffing positions have been included in the FY 2008-09 budget.
The present budget constraints should not curtail the PSAC's efforts to define the City's
public safety staffing needs. However, PSAC should develop alternative scenarios for
achieving the City's emergency preparedness goals under the fiscal constraints
anticipated through FY 2008-09.
The City Council will review the draft budget on May 22 at 5:00 p.m. in the Cultural
Center.
Recommendation
Discussion and evaluation of alternative recommendations.
c"'"
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Public Safety Advisory Commission
May 14, 2008
Page 1 of 5
SAMPLE JOB DESCRIPTION
Public Safety Administrator
""-"
Class specifications are only intended to present a descriptive summary of the range of
duties and responsibilities associated with specified positions. Therefore, specifications
may not include all duties performed by individuals within a classification. In addition,
specifications are intended to outline the minimum qualifications necessary for entry into
the class and do not necessarily convey the qualifications within the position.
DEFINITION:
velops, analyzes, and
ss program for the City,
cation, response,
ents the City at
isaster
ecial districts
ed duties as
Under general supervision, the Public Safety Adm.
manages a comprehensive disaster and emer
including disaster mitigation, preparedness,
recovery and equipping of City staff and c
meetings with State, County and regional r
preparedness with City departments, commun
and other federal, state and local ernmental
assigned.
ma ing and implementing a
vides specialized knowledge
plementation/management. The
.scretion in carrying out responsibilities
edness issues and sensitivities.
-....;
SUPE
Receives g
routinely exerc
y Manager. Incumbents in this position do not
de but are not limited to the following)
1. Develops, implement manages a disaster preparedness program and serves as
the central coordinator for the City; provides administrative and technical expertise and
coordination to prepare the City to be able to successfully handle all disasters;
recommends adoption of and implements program policies and procedures, work
objectives, goals, and disaster organization structure; reviews and updates the City's
Emergency Plan, evacuation plans, standard operating procedures, safety emergency
procedures and other disaster program documents; determines improved emergency
preparation, response and mitigation; interprets, communicates and implements
disaster-related policies and regulations to ensure City compliance with federal, state
Public Safety Administrator revl
......,
Public Safety Advisory Commission
May 14, 2008
Page 2 of 5
~
and local laws; coordinates disaster preparedness with City departments, community
and civic organizations, special districts and other federal, state and local governmental
agencies; coordinates with the City's Public Safety Advisory Committee (PSAC).
2. Plans, organizes, coordinates, supervises and evaluates the work of th~ disaster
services program; Establishes operational plans and initiatives to meet program goals
and objectives; implements program plans, work programs, processes, procedures and
policies required to achieve overall program performance results; coordinates and
integrates program functions and responsibilities to achi ve optimal efficiency and
effectiveness; participates in developing and monitor' rformance against program
budgets.
"th federal regulations;
ipment and systems to
needed resources for
f EOC and
, C operations,
nd submits
3. Plans, conducts and evaluates EOC drills in
conducts routine tests of all Emergency 0
ensure proper operation; coordinates E
center and program operations; selects
program equipment, systems and supplies,
policies and procedures; main secure ac
reports on EOC operations an the Co
4.
ervice-oriented work
rvice expectations;
i e employee relations
~
5.
id, CPR, and other such courses;
ted by instructors to ensure compliance
control; provides guidance and training to
6.
ent ing and conferences to keep current on trends
of disaster and emergency management.
7. Facilitates, coor anages disaster recovery efforts; oversees, directs and
participates in the s ocal disaster centers and care and shelter sites following
disasters; facilitates gr applications processes for mitigation monies from state and
federal agencies; provides technical support for emergency incidents, such as
hazardous materials spills, multi-casualty incidents, evacuations, care and sheltering,
fires and police incidents as needed; performs damage assessment and recovery
efforts including submittal of appropriate documents for reimbursement from State or
other agencies.
~ 8. Performs related duties as required.
Public Safety Administratof_fev!
Public Safety Advisory Commission
May 14, 2008
Page 3 of 5
PHYSICAL, MENTAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL WORKING CONDITIONS:
'-'"
Environment: Standard office setting with some travel to various locations to attend
meetings or respond to emergency scenes, disasters, or critical incidents; occasional
exposure to noise, dust, grease, smoke, fumes, airborne particles, noxious odors, gases,
and all types of weather and temperature conditions; occasionally works near moving
mechanical parts, in areas of limited and restricted entry and exit, and in high precarious
places; extensive public contact; the noise level in the work environment is usually
moderate; however, the noise level may be very loud whe sponding to emergency calls
and when working at a fire or other emergency incident" appropriate personal
protective equipment including goggles, face protect uts, safety shoes and self-
contained breathing apparatus; may be required t nded hours including
evenings and weekends and may be required t ity boundaries to attend
meetings. Work environment is both formal a nted, having variable
tasks, pace, and pressure. Work is usually e and in meeting
rooms.
Vision: See I
computer scree
ice setting
y alarms. CON UOUS sitting
erity; light to moderate finger
Ice equipment; pinch grasp
of neck, walking, standing,
te wrist torque to twist
bs. from below waist to above '--'
rds. OC IONAl squatting, kneeling,
rate grasp to manipulate reference
Ibs. from below waist to above
operate a vehicle to travel to various
nd me esponse, equipment, apparatus, and
ge information.
rang h or without correction; vision sufficient to read
cuments and to operate equipment.
io range with or without correction.
QUALIFICATIONS: (The lowing are minimal qualifications necessary for entry into the
classification.)
Education and/or Experience:
Any combination of education and experience that has provided the knowledge, skills
and abilities necessary for a Public Safety Administrator. A typical way of obtaining the
required qualifications is to possess the equivalent of a Bachelor's degree from an
accredited college or university with major course work in business administration,
'-'"
Public Safety Administrator Jev1
Public Safety Advisory Commission
May 14, 2008
Page 4 of 5
".-..
public administration or other related field and one year of experience in the research,
analysis, planning, and development of an emergency plan or
training program for large scale disasters or civil defense operations.
License/Certificate:
Possession of a valid Class C California driver's license and CERT certification is
required. A Certificate in Emergency Management (CEM), or its equivalent, issued by
the International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM) or a comparable
recognized management association is highly desirable.
Knowledae of:
e sample of the KSA's
KNOWLEDGE/ABILITIES: (The following are a repres
necessary to perform essential duties of the position.
. Principles of and practices of emer
development, activities, and techniq
fighting, evacuation and relocation, sh
radiological and nuclear def se and haz
planning,
otection, fire
ommunications,
. Interrelationships, responsib
government in planning, cond
ns of local, state and federal
emergency services.
r--
. Geographic a
es to coordinate and evaluate methods
I and materials.
.
computer applications.
.
ent of emergency service personnel.
d asse sment of the types and extent of damages caused
rs.
. Principles and
resources manag
f organization, administration, budget and human
. Research methods and techniques and methods of report presentation.
. Record keeping methods and procedures.
. Pertinent federal, state, and local laws, codes, and regulations.
r' . English usage, spelling, grammar and punctuation.
Public Safety AdministratorJevl
Public Safety Advisory Commission
May 14, 2008
Page 5 of 5
· Principles and practices of customer service.
Abilitv to:
....."
· Develop and implement emergency services plan, policies and procedures.
· Coordinate and monitor emergency personnel activities, training, equipment and
supplies.
· Prepare and edit comprehensive reports, correspo
detail, statistical and other data, or instructions.
ce and plans involving
· Read, interpret and follow regulations and d'
· Identify emergency and safety expos
· Analyze and recommend loss mitiga
and programs.
· Interpret state and federal I'
emergency services.
. Assess the cust
services thro
mer's receipt of needed
....."
g questions and releasing information;
decisions and/or recommendations.
.
uters including various software
.nd local policies, laws and regulations.
. Demonstra
community.
s and appreciation of the cultural diversity of the
and concisely, both orally and in writing.
· Work cooperatively with other departments, City officials, and outside agencies.
· Establish and maintain effective working relationships with individuals, groups,
public agencies, and others contacted in the course of work.
~
Public Safety AdministratofJevl
/'""
CITY OF LAKE ELSINORE
REPORT TO PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISORY COMMISSION
TO:
CHAIRMAN AND COMMISSION MEMBERS
FROM:
MARK E. DENNIS
INFORMATION & COMMUNICATIONS MANAGER
DATE:
MAY 14, 2008
SUBJECT: LIFE JACKET LOANER STATIONS UPDATE
BACKGROUND
The Shoreline Safety Assessment Report recommended the City implement a "loaner or
rental Life Jacket I PFD" program for the most popular and frequented wading beaches.
Providing free loaner life jackets at beach access points adds an additional layer of safety
for small children and non-swimmers wading in the Lake.
r- DISCUSSION
Recommendations by the PSAC have been incorporated into a final design and
specification for new "Loaner Life Jacket Stations." In addition, a new lake safety mascot
has been created to promote safety in and around the water. Artwork renditions are
attached.
Bids were recently received and a vendor has been selected for fabrication and installation.
Four stations will be installed at the access points to Elm Grove Beach by June 5, 2008.
Several meetings were held between City Staff and a graphic designer to develop the
signage. The general criteria for the design includes being kid-friendly, English and
Spanish language, recommendation for PFD use, graphic instructions for proper selection
and fit of a life jacket, emphasis on "loaner" and "use and return" guidelines and a graphic
backboard to simplify correct sizing placement for returned life jackets.
The Lake Department purchased 56 life jackets of various sizes. There will be six life
jackets per station. Each life jacket is stamped with the appropriate size range to facilitate
the correct selection and the City logo to encourage return of City owned property.
FISCAL IMPACT
r- The total cost to design, fabricate and install the four stations is shown on the next page.
Life Jacket Loaner Stations Update
May 14, 2008
Page 2
""-tI1f
This includes the development of the mascot for future use by the City. The source of
funding is from the CIP budget for Shoreline Safety.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Description
Illustration, graphics design & full size artwork
Four signs-fabrication and installation
Purchase of 56 life jackets
Spanish translation services
TOTAL
Cost
$3523
$4260
$310
$75
$8,168
RECOMMENDATION
Receive and file.
......,
......,
/""'""
/""'
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life jacket keeps them sQfe"
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r---
CITY OF .~
LAKE ,6,LSiNORJ:
Y DREAM EXTREME...
REPORT TO PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISORY COMMISSION
TO:
HONORABLE CHAIRMAN
AND MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISORY COMMISSION
FROM:
MARK DENNIS
INFORMATION/COMMUNICATIONS MANAGER
DATE:
May 14, 2008
SUBJECT: LAKESHORE OVERLAY DISTRICT SUBCOMMITTEE SURVEY
Backaround
The accompanying public opinion survey has been developed by the Lakeshore
Overlay District Subcommittee and is to be distributed to stakeholders later this month.
Discussion
r--
Outreach to the public is one of the subcommittee's assigned tasks in formulating
Lakeshore Overlay District ordinance revisions.
The target audience is approximately 363 property owners whose property lies within
the current Lakeshore Overlay District. (See boundary map attachment.)
Feedback from stakeholders will enable the subcommittee to finalize recommendations
for updating the Overlay District. The goal is to establish more consistent rules and
regulations for camping, RV storage, fencing, new construction and dock standards.
Survey results will be tabulated in June and reported to the PSAC and to the Planning
Commission at a joint meeting. Public testimony will be also taken during this session.
The revised ordinance is scheduled for presentation to the City Council by late summer.
Fiscal Impact
The budget for producing and mailing this survey is shown below.
Item
1.
2.
3.
Description
Postage @363 count
SASE postage
Graphics (4-page design)
Total
J Cost
152
152
750
$1,054
"'"
Lakeshore Overlay District Survey
May 14, 2008
Page 2
.......,
Recommendation
Receive and File.
"-'"
-...;
.,,-..
lakeshore Overlay District Boundary
Mailing count = 363 property owners
,,-.
,,-..
"will
'-'
'-'"
CITY OF ~
LAKJ; ,6,LSiNORI;;
,~ DREAM E;(TREME",
~
City of Lake Elsinore
Lakeshore Overlay District Community Survey
The City of Lake Elsinore is considering an update to existing regulations for the Lakeshore
Overlay District. This overlay district sets forth development and use guidelines for properties
along the lakeshore. Revisions to this and other City ordinances reflect the values and concerns
of all affected residents - citizen feedback is of the utmost importance. In addition to this survey,
a future public informational meeting/study session will be conducted in order to receive further
comments.
The City has developed a Community Survey to distribute to all property owners within the
Lakeshore Overlay District. Please complete the survey and return it in the enclosed prepaid
envelope. Thank you for your time and participation in this very important process!
CAMPING and RVs
1. Given the existence of designated camp sites, should overnight camping be permitted
on all properties along the lakeshore?
YES
NO
r'
2. If overnight or long term camping on all properties is permitted:
a. Should restroom facilities be required?
YES
NO
b. Should camping be limited to property owners only? _YES _NO
c. For campers with restroom and potable water facilities (RV's) how many days should
camping be allowed? _weekend 1 week 1 month other
3. Should a City issued permit be required in order to regulate camping on privately owned
vacant lots along the lakeshore?
YES NO
If yes, should there be a permit fee?
YES
NO
4. Do you feel that temporary/long term storage of RVs and other items along the lakeshore
contribute to an undesirable appearance along the lake?
YES NO
5. Should temporary and long term storage of RVs and other items along the lakeshore
continue to be prohibited?
r'
YES
NO
City of lake Elsinore
Lakeshore Overlay District Community Survey (page 2)
CONCRETE PADS AND FIRE RINGS
'-'
6. Current regulations require that concrete pads (excluding ramps and docks) on vacant
property along the lakeshore be removed.
a. Do you feel that concrete pads contribute to an undesirable appearance along the
lake? YES NO
b. Do you feel that existing regulations requiring removal of concrete pads on vacant lots
along the lake is appropriate? YES NO
7. Should fire rings (private camp fires currently allowed with Fire Department permit)
continue to be allowed on properties along the lakeshore? _YES NO
DWELLINGS AND DEVELOPMENT
8. Current Lakeshore Overlay District guidelines prohibits the construction of new residential
dwellings and restricts most types of commercial dwellings due to the high water mark
and severe infrastructure constraints (vehicular access, sewer, etc.)
a. Should development be allowed if shown that the specific site to be developed is
above the high water mark, can be safely accessed by vehicles and pedestrians, and
can be adequately served by utilities (water, gas, sewer, etc.)?
YES
NO
'-'
b. If yes, what type of development should be allowed?
_Residential
Commercial
Both
BOAT lAUNCHES AND RAMPS
9. Should construction and size of boat launches and ramps be required to adhere to specific
design guidelines in order to maintain a desirable appearance along the lake?
YES
NO
10. Should boat launches and ramps be inspected on a yearly basis by City staff to ensure
compliance with design guidelines and building codes?
YES
NO
FENCING
11. Should fencing along the lakeshore be regulated in order to ensure safety and a desirable
appearance along the lake?
YES
NO
'-'"
City of Lake Elsinore
lakeshore Overlay District Community Survey (page 3)
,,-....
FENCING (continued)
12. Should property owners be allowed to extend fences to the lake (water's) edge, or should
there be a limit to allow unobstructed public lake access?
fences should be extended to lake edge _limit fences to allow public access
13. Do you feel that chain link and barbed wire fences along the lakeshore should be
prohibited?
YES
NO
DOCKS
14. Do you feel regulations concerning docks should be put in place in order to ensure proper
appearance and safety?
YES
NO
15. Please share any other comments regarding potential changes to the lakeshore Overlay
District you may have.
"".......
,,-....
......,
......,
'-"
'---
~
CITY OF .~
LAKE 6LSiNORI:
\ I
V 0 REAM E;(TREMEN
REPORT TO PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISORY COMMISSION
TO:
HONORABLE CHAIRMAN
AND MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISORY COMMISSION
FROM:
MARK DENNIS
INFORMATION/COMMUNICATIONS MANAGER
DATE:
May 14, 2008
SUBJECT: GRAFFITI PROCESS SURVEY
Backaround
Abating Graffiti is a City Council and PSAC priority. An internal process survey has
been developed to assess all aspects of the City's response to graffiti complaints and
service requests. Staff will use the survey in developing a comprehensive graffiti
strategic plan.
~
Discussion
Coordinating the best tools, processes and tactics to combat graffiti is a major goal of
the FY 2008-09 operating and CIP budgets.
The starting point for creating an anti-graffiti strategic plan is a needs assessment. The
accompanying survey is intended to be completed by all City and agency personnel
who are involved in responding to graffiti complaints from the public and all related anti-
graffiti efforts conducted within the City limits.
The survey will identify current processes and actions for handling graffiti. The graffiti
strategic plan will serve as the City's platform for implementing updated anti-graffiti
goals and program objectives. A graffiti strategic plan will also serve as the basis for
measuring results and assessing program effectiveness.
Fiscal Impact
Unknown at this time. The FY 2008-09 operating and CIP budgets will be adjusted to
incorporate funding to implement tactics and strategies identified in the strategic plan.
Recommendation
~
Receive and File.
'will
'will
""-'"
CITY OF A .
LAI(J:: LSINORI::
'\ I
.. DREAM EXTREME
Draft
Graffiti Process Survey
Questionnaire for departments
~
5/15/2008 rev4
City of Lake Elsinore
Introduction
Abating Graffiti in the City of lake Elsinore is a City Council priority. Coordinating the best tools,
processes and tactics to combat graffiti is a major goal of the FY 2008-09 operating and CIP budgets.
'-'"
A new management objective is producing an anti-graffiti strategic plan. Such a plan will serve as the
City's platform for implementing updated anti-graffiti goals and program objectives. A strategic plan also
serves as the basis for measuring results and assessing program effectiveness.
This strategic plan refines the best thinking from City and cooperating agency personnel who are our
subject matter experts on graffiti "problem areas," graffiti reporting & tracking, removal, follow-up
investigation, criminal & civil prosecution, and public outreach & education.
Why This Survey?
The starting point for creating an anti-graffiti strategic plan is an overview of the existing situation. The
purpose of this survey is to help identify the extent of our City's graffiti problem and to shed light on the
effectiveness of procedures and resources that are currently in place to fight graffiti vandalism.
This survey is being distributed to all City and agency personnel who are involved in responding to
graffiti complaints from the public and all related anti-graffiti efforts conducted within the City Limits.
An Outcomes-based Approach
The outcome of this survey is to:
'-'"
1. Provide a snapshot of current procedures in place for handling graffiti complaints, work orders,
abatement and follow-up action and enforcement activities by the City and other agencies;
2. Identify gaps in graffiti-related procedures, if any, that may result in less than the desired
performance outcomes set by the City, lEPD and the City Attorney;
3. Identify needed resources for combating graffiti vandalism (for example, GIS database
technology, surveillance cameras and associated tactics, school outreach, civil prosecution, etc.);
4. Identify ways to increase apprehension, prosecution and restitution success;
5. Identify key messages for public education and outreach efforts to residents and businesses;
In short, our goal is to examine key functions for handling graffiti from start to finish; to dentify who is
responsible for what; to recognize opportunities for improvement; finally, to quantify what it will take to
increase the City's anti-graffiti program effectiveness.
'-'
City of lake Elsinore
G raffitL su rvey2008rev4
Page 2 of 13
r'" Instructions
Please read these instructions before you begin the survey.
1. Copies of this survey will be given to multiple people in multiple departments.
2. The survey is to be completed and brought to the graffiti meeting on Thursday. May 15.
3. Each person who receives the survey should fill out the responder information in Section 1.
4. It is your choice whether to complete the survey by hand or electronically; please let us know if
you would like an electronic copy (file available in WORD.docx or WORD.doc format).
5. Please answer all the questions as best you can. It is OK to check "I don't know" or "...Outside
my job duties" on sections and questions that do not fit your area of responsibility.
6. If directed, please attach samples of graffiti-related information that you are responsible for
generating (example: graffiti work order, summary report of graffiti incidents, log sheets, etc.)
7. If you have been given the survey, but are unable to attend the graffiti meeting on May 15th,
please return the completed survey to Steven McCarty or Mark Dennis at City Hall prior to the
deadline in step 2.
r'
Questions, or Need Help?
If you have any comments, questions or need clarification on any part of the survey, please contact:
Mark Dennis
Information/Communications Manager
(951) 674-3124, ext. 207
mdennis@lake-elsinore.org
.~
City of Lake Elsinore
G raffiti_ survey2008rev4
Page 3 of 13
Section 1. Responder Information
Please fill out the name of the person completing the survey and related department/division
or agency information.
"-""
a. First Name b. Last Name
c. Job Title
d. Department or Division: (check one)
D Public Works D Parks & Recreation D Code Enforcement
e. Other Department or Division: (check one)
D LEPD D City Manager's Office D City Attorney's Office
f. Outside Agency: (check one)
D EVMWD D Riverside County D LEUSD
g. Other Department, Division, or Agency: (if none of the above)
"'"
Please proceed to Section 2 on the next page ~
"'"
City of Lake Elsinore
G raffiti_ survey2008rev4
Page 4 of 13
/'"'" Section 2. Graffiti Service Request Handling
a. Is one of your regular duties to answer calls or e-mails from the public about Graffiti removal?
o Ves 0 No, this is outside of my job duties
If liVes", please continue with question lib" below.
If "No", please proceed to Section 3.
b. On average, how frequently do you receive telephone calls from the public requesting graffiti
removal services? (check one)
01-5 per day 06-10 per day 011-15 per day 016-20 per day
o OTHER (fill in):
c. On average, how frequently do you receive e-mails from the public requesting graffiti removal
services? (check one)
01-5 per day 06-10 per day 011-15 per day 016-20 per day
o OTHER (fill in):
d. On average, how frequently do you receive graffiti removal service requests from the City's Web
site online service request form? (check one)
01-5 per day 06-10 per day 011-15 per day 016-20 per day
/"""' 0 OTHER (fill in):
e. If you receive graffiti removal requests bye-mail or from the City's Web site, how often do you
send an e-mail acknowledgement of the request?
o Always 0 Almost always 0 Sometimes 0 Never
f. What would be the time savings per day if the new City Web site's online Graffiti service request
form could automatically generate an acknowledgement of a sender's request? (check one)
01 hour or more 01 hour or less 0 None 0 Not sure
g. The City is installing a dedicated phone line for graffiti-related service requests. This automated
number will be promoted as the graffiti hotline. When dialed, it answers with an automated
greeting. Callers are prompted to leave details about the location of the graffiti they are
reporting. City staff can retrieve messages at any time and process them into work orders.
Please list advantages you foresee with this hotline compared with current phone handling:
(Use space provided below)
/'"'"
Section 2 continued on the next page ~
City of Lake Elsinore
Graffiti_survey2008rev4
Page 5 of 13
Section 2g. (continued)
Please list disadvantages you foresee with this hotline compared with current phone handling:
(Use space provided below)
,...."
h. Do you have any suggestions or recommendations for making the new graffiti hotline a time-
saving tool for handling graffiti services requests from the public? (Write in the space below)
i. On average, how many graffiti service requests do you receive per day from City employees?
(check one)
D 1-5 per day D 6-10 per day D Greater than 10 per day
j. Approximately how much time does it take to process each phone graffiti removal request into a
work order? (fill in the time units)
_minutes per request _hours per request
k. Approximately how much time does it take to process each e-mail graffiti removal request into a
work order? (fill in the time units)
_minutes per request _hours per request
,...."
I. Approximately how much time does it take to process each online Web form request for graffiti
removal into a work order? (fill in the time units)
_minutes per request _hours per request
m. Please check the most efficient way of receiving a graffiti service request to process into a work
order (check only one)
D hotline message
D depends on the request
D standard e-mail
D All are about the same
D Online Web form
D I don't know
n. Please list any suggestions for improving graffiti service request handling in the space below:
Please proceed to Section 3 on the next page ~
-.....-I
City of lake Elsinore
G raffiti_ survey2008rev4
Page 6 of 13
.,-.. Section 3. Graffiti Statistical Records & Tracking
a. Is one of your regular duties to keep track of Graffiti removal service requests and work orders?
(check one)
DYes D No, this is outside of my job duties
If "Yes", please continue with question "b" below.
If "No", please proceed to Section 4.
b. How are graffiti removal service requests currently being tracked? (check all that apply)
D Manual entry on log sheet or form
D Excel spreadsheet entry
D WORD document entry
D Third party customer request software solution
D Other (please explain in the space below)
c. How are graffiti work orders currently being tracked? (check all that apply)
D Manual entry on log sheet or form
/""' D Excel spreadsheet entry
D WORD document entry
D Third party work order software solution
D Other (please explain in the space below)
.."....
d. Please check which statistical records are currently available (check only those that apply)
D Stats tracking the number of removal requests reported by the public
D Stats tracking graffiti-related work order status
D Stats reporting square footage of graffiti removed per site
D Stats reporting time-on task to remove graffiti per site
D Stats tracking graffiti removal request volume sorted by peak days, weeks, months
D Stats tracking graffiti incident locations throughout the City
D Stats tracking frequency of graffiti vandalism per location
D Stats reporting graffiti vandalism investigations or cases (source: LEPD)
D Stats reporting graffiti vandalism apprehensions (source: LEPD)
D Stats reporting graffiti vandalism prosecutions (source: LEPD, DA?)
D Stats reporting graffiti vandalism convictions (source: LEPD, DA or other?)
D Stats reporting restitution (source: LEPD, DA or other?)
Please proceed to Section 4 on the next page ~
\,
City of Lake Elsinore
G raffitL survey2008rev4
Page 7 of 13
Section 4. Graffiti Work Order Handling
a. Is one of your regular duties to write Graffiti removal work orders? (check one)
DYes D No, this is outside of my job duties
"""'"
If "Yes", please continue with question "b" below.
If "No", please proceed to Section 5.
b. Please rank the following by volume, with 1 = highest, 5 = least. (write a ranking number in each
box below)
D Telephone requests
D E-mail requests (excluding City Web site request forms)
D City's Web site online service request form
D Work Orders generated by staff while in the field
D Other (please explain in the space below)
c. Please describe the main steps for generating a new work order. (use space below)
"""'"
d. Please describe the steps for routing a new work order after it is generated. (use space below)
e. Please describe steps for work order processing after work is completed. (use space below)
Section 4 continued on the next page ~
"""'"
City of Lake Elsinore
G raffiti_survey2008rev4
Page 8 of 13
~
/'"
- :,,-...
Section 4 (continued)
f. Please use the space below to describe ways to increase graffiti tracking capabilities and detail:
Please proceed to Section 5 on the next page ~
City of Lake Elsinore
Graffiti _ survey2008rev4
Page 9 of 13
Section 5. Graffiti Removal & Related Field Activities
a. Is one of your regular duties to remove Graffiti based on a written work order or at the direction """""
of your supervisor?
DYes D No, this is outside of my job duties
If "Yes", please continue with question "b" below.
If "No", please proceed to Section 6.
b. How is a graffiti removal work order currently received? (check one)
D Hard copy
D Electronic copy using wireless PC Tablet
D OTHER (fill in):
c. On average, how many graffiti work orders do you receive in one day? (check one)
D 1-5 D 6-10 D More than 10
d. On average, how many graffiti work orders do you receive in one week? (check one)
D 1-25 D 26-50 D More than 50
e. Check only the tasks that are currently performed on site when responding to a graffiti removal
work order: (check all that apply)
D Record time started and time finished per graffiti removal site """""
D.Take digital"before" photograph(s) of the graffiti
D Record or enter notes to accompany the photographs
D Record the GPS location of the graffiti
D Clean or prep area as needed
D Mix and apply paint
D Clean up tools and secure materials
D Measure the area that was painted out or washed
D Make a record or note of the paintout area in units of square feet
D Fill out work order paperwork
D Electronically send photos or data using wireless PC Tablet
D Fill out Police Report for graffiti vandalism
f. Does the City provide you with a digital camera?
DYes D No D I have to borrow one as needed
g. Does the City provide you with a wireless PC Tablet?
DYes D No D I have to borrow one as needed
Please proceed to Section 6 on the next page ~
"""""
City of Lake Elsinore
G raffiti_ survey2008rev4
Page 10 of 13
/"" Section 6. Code Enforcement & Graffiti Complaints
a. Is one of your regular duties as a representative of the City's Code Enforcement team related to
handling graffiti complaints?
DYes D No, this is outside of my job duties
If "Yes", please continue with question "b" below.
If "No", please proceed to Section 7.
b. How is a graffiti complaint referred to a Code Enforcement representative?
D Hard copy
D Two-way radio or phone dispatch
D Electronic copy using wireless PC Tablet
D OTHER (fill in):
c. When in the field, what are the steps for handling a graffiti complaint on private property?
(please list in the space below or attach extra paper as needed)
/""'""' d. When in the field, what are the steps for handling a graffiti complaint on public property?
(please list in the space below or attach extra paper as needed)
e. What are the steps for coordinating a graffiti complaint with another department, such as
Public Works and the LEPD? (Please list in the space below or attach extra paper as needed)
f. When in the field, when is it appropriate to fill out a Police Report on graffiti vandalism? (Please
list in the space below or attach extra paper as needed)
g. On average, please describe the approximate percentage of your time spent on graffiti related
complaints: (check one)
D 10% or less% D 10-20% D 20-30% D 30-40% D 40% or more
.../"""
Please proceed to Section 7 on the next page ~
(\
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G raffitL survey2008rev4
Page 11 of 13
Section 7. Digital Photos & Organization
a. Does one of your regular duties include taking digital photos of graffiti locations and/or
organizing them for yourself or someone else in your department?
DYes D No, this is outside of my job duties
~
If "Yes", please continue with question "b" below.
If "No", please proceed to Section 8.
b. If equipped with a digital camera, are photos taken as a record of each graffiti incident?
DYes D Only as needed D Don't have a digital camera
c. How are digital photographs of graffiti locations stored? (check all that apply)
D On my PC D On City network D Internet photo site
d. How are your photos of graffiti locations identified or coded? (check all that apply)
D I use straight from camera D I use batch photo naming D I manually name as needed
e. Are your graffiti photos organized using any photo software? (check one)
DYes D No
If "Yes, please explain
f. How are photos of graffiti locations shared with others in your department or in other
departments? (check all that apply)
D shared via e-mail D shared via CD-ROM D shared via flash drive
D shared over the network D shared via Internet D Not shared
""
g. Are graffiti photos given to someone else to organize and store?
DYes D No D Sometimes
h. If you have information related to graffiti photos, what is done to tie it to your digital images?
(Please explain in the space below)
i. Are your digital graffiti photos being archived, that is, periodically removed from your PC and/or
network and put onto storage media? (please check one)
D Yes, archived D Never archived D I don't know
j. If the City were to provide a database so graffiti images could be shared, annotated and stored
with keyword or smart retrieval tools, how much time do you estimate it would save you?
D 1-5 hours/week D 5-10 hours/week D 10+/week D Don't know
Please proceed to Section 8 on the next page ~
~
City of Lake Elsinore
G raffiti_survey2008rev4
Page 12 of 13
~ The sections of the survey below still need to be developed in consultation with LEPO and others
Section 8. Graffiti Investigation (LEPD)
Section 9. Graffiti Apprehension (LEPD)
Section 10. Graffiti Prosecution (LEPD)
Section 11. Restitution (Finance and LEPD)
Section 12. Cooperative Procedures (EVMWD, LEUSD)
Appendices
Appendix A. LEMC 9.52 Graffiti
/""'
Appendix B. Work Order Form
Appendix C. Online Graffiti Service Request Form
Appendix D. Graffiti Incident Report
I"""
City of lake Elsinore
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Page 13 of 13